file structure and comments unified

backend/src/Models/netplan.py

@@ -1,13 +1,20 @@
+"""Netplan schema models used by bridge/network configuration APIs."""
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional
+
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
-from typing import List, Dict, Optional
 
 
 class Nameservers(BaseModel):
+    """DNS nameserver configuration."""
+
     addresses: List[str] = Field(default_factory=list)
     search: List[str] = Field(default_factory=list)
 
 
 class EthernetConfig(BaseModel):
+    """Netplan ethernet interface configuration."""
+
     dhcp4: Optional[bool] = None
     dhcp6: Optional[bool] = None
     addresses: Optional[List[str]] = None
@@ -18,44 +25,23 @@ class EthernetConfig(BaseModel):
 
 
 class BridgeConfig(BaseModel):
-    interfaces: List[str] = Field(default_factory=list)  # ["eth1", "eth2"]
+    """Netplan bridge configuration."""
+
+    interfaces: List[str] = Field(default_factory=list)
     dhcp4: Optional[bool] = None
     dhcp6: Optional[bool] = None
     addresses: Optional[List[str]] = None
     gateway4: Optional[str] = None
     gateway6: Optional[str] = None
     nameservers: Optional[Nameservers] = None
-    parameters: Optional[dict] = None  # allows spanning-tree, port-priority, forward-delay, etc.
+    parameters: Optional[dict] = None
     optional: Optional[bool] = None
 
 
 class NetworkConfig(BaseModel):
+    """Top-level Netplan network object."""
+
     version: int = 2
     renderer: Optional[str] = "networkd"
     ethernets: Dict[str, EthernetConfig] = Field(default_factory=dict)
     bridges: Dict[str, BridgeConfig] = Field(default_factory=dict)
-
-
-'''Example usage:
-{
-  "version": 2,
-  "renderer": "networkd",
-  "ethernets": {
-    "eth0": {
-      "dhcp4": false,
-      "addresses": ["192.168.10.20/24"],
-      "gateway4": "192.168.10.1",
-      "nameservers": {
-        "addresses": ["1.1.1.1", "8.8.8.8"]
-      }
-    },
-    "eth1": {},
-    "eth2": {}
-  },
-  "bridges": {
-    "br0": {
-      "interfaces": ["eth1", "eth2"],
-      "dhcp4": true
-    }
-  }
-}'''

backend/src/Models/packets.py

@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
-# src/models/packet.py
+"""Pydantic model for packet rows returned by the backend."""
-from datetime import datetime
 
-from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, IPvAnyAddress
+from datetime import datetime
 from typing import Optional, Union
 
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, IPvAnyAddress
+
+
 class PacketDBModel(BaseModel):
+    """Normalized packet representation used across DB and API layers."""
+
     id: Union[int, str]
-    timestamp: datetime = Field(..., description="ISO timestamp")
+    timestamp: datetime = Field(..., description="Packet timestamp in ISO format.")
     iface: str
     src_mac: Optional[str] = None
     dst_mac: Optional[str] = None
@@ -18,7 +22,7 @@ class PacketDBModel(BaseModel):
     dst_port: Optional[int] = None
     vlan_id: Optional[int] = None
     length: Optional[int] = None
-    raw_b64: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Base64-encoded raw bytes")
+    raw_b64: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Base64-encoded packet bytes.")
     direction: Optional[str] = None
     packets: Optional[int] = None
 
@@ -40,4 +44,4 @@ class PacketDBModel(BaseModel):
                 "length": 128,
                 "raw_b64": "BASE64...",
             }
-        }
+        }

backend/src/api/network_api.py

@@ -1,122 +1,95 @@
+"""Network inspection and bridge management endpoints."""
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
-from typing import List, Optional
 from pyroute2 import IPRoute, NDB
 
 router = APIRouter()
 
-# Globals for lazy initialization
 ip: IPRoute | None = None
 ndb: NDB | None = None
 
-# ------------------------------
-# Pydantic models
-# ------------------------------
 
 class InterfaceAddress(BaseModel):
-    """
+    """IP address assigned to an interface."""
-    Represents an IP address assigned to a network interface.
+
-    """
     family: str = Field(..., description="IP family: 'ipv4' or 'ipv6'.")
-    address: str = Field(..., description="The IP address assigned to the interface.")
+    address: str = Field(..., description="IP address.")
-    prefixlen: int = Field(..., description="Subnet prefix length (e.g., 24 for 255.255.255.0).")
+    prefixlen: int = Field(..., description="Subnet prefix length.")
 
 
 class InterfaceInfo(BaseModel):
-    """
+    """Interface with link metadata and assigned addresses."""
-    Represents a network interface with all its properties.
+
-    """
+    ifindex: int = Field(..., description="Kernel interface index.")
-    ifindex: int = Field(..., description="Interface index (unique identifier assigned by the kernel).")
+    name: str = Field(..., description="Interface name.")
-    name: str = Field(..., description="Interface name (e.g., 'eth0', 'enp38s0').")
+    state: str = Field(..., description="Operational state.")
-    state: str = Field(..., description="Operational state (e.g., 'UP', 'DOWN', 'UNKNOWN').")
+    mac: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="MAC address.")
-    mac: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="MAC address of the interface, if applicable.")
+    mtu: int = Field(..., description="Maximum transmission unit.")
-    mtu: int = Field(..., description="Maximum Transmission Unit for the interface.")
+    flags: List[str] = Field(..., description="Decoded interface flags.")
-    flags: List[str] = Field(..., description="List of interface flags (e.g., ['BROADCAST', 'MULTICAST']).")
+    addresses: List[InterfaceAddress] = Field(..., description="Assigned IP addresses.")
-    addresses: List[InterfaceAddress] = Field(..., description="List of IP addresses assigned to the interface.")
+
 
 class RouteInfo(BaseModel):
-    """
+    """Single routing table entry."""
-    Represents a single routing table entry.
-    """
 
-    dst: Optional[str] = Field(
+    dst: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Destination CIDR; null means default route.")
-        None, description="Destination network in CIDR notation (e.g., '192.168.1.0/24'). None means default route."
+    gateway: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Next-hop gateway.")
-    )
+    prefsrc: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Preferred source IP.")
+    oif: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Output interface index.")
+    ifname: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Output interface name.")
+    table: int = Field(..., description="Route table ID.")
+    proto: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Route protocol code.")
+    scope: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Route scope code.")
+    type: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Route type code.")
 
-    gateway: Optional[str] = Field(
-        None, description="Next-hop gateway IP address for this route. None if the route is directly connected."
-    )
-
-    prefsrc: Optional[str] = Field(
-        None, description="Preferred source IP to use when sending packets via this route."
-    )
-
-    oif: Optional[int] = Field(
-        None, description="Output interface index (ifindex) for this route. Can be used to look up the interface name."
-    )
-
-    ifname: Optional[str] = Field(
-        None, description="Name of the interface corresponding to `oif` (e.g., 'eth0')."
-    )
-
-    table: int = Field(
-        ..., description="Routing table ID (e.g., 254 = main, 255 = local)."
-    )
-
-    proto: Optional[int] = Field(
-        None,
-        description="Protocol of the route (numeric Linux codes, e.g., 2=kernel, 16=static)."
-    )
-
-    scope: Optional[int] = Field(
-        None,
-        description="Scope of the route: 0=global, 253=link, 254=host, 255=nowhere."
-    )
-
-    type: Optional[int] = Field(
-        None,
-        description="Type of the route (numeric code): 1=unicast, 2=local, 3=broadcast, 5=multicast."
-    )
 
 class BridgeInterfaceInfo(BaseModel):
-    """
+    """Interface that belongs to a bridge."""
-    Represents a network interface which is a member of an bridge.
+
-    """
+    ifindex: int = Field(..., description="Interface index.")
-    ifindex: int = Field(..., description="Interface index of a bridge member")
+    ifname: str = Field(..., description="Interface name.")
-    ifname: str = Field(..., description="Interface name of a bridge member")
+    state: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Operational state.")
-    state: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Operational state of the interface")
+    mtu: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Interface MTU.")
-    mtu: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="MTU of the interface")
+
 
 class BridgeInfo(BaseModel):
-    """
+    """Bridge interface with member information."""
-    Represents a network bridge interface with all its properties.
+
-    """
+    ifindex: int = Field(..., description="Bridge index.")
-    ifindex: int = Field(..., description="Interface index of the bridge")
+    ifname: str = Field(..., description="Bridge name.")
-    ifname: str = Field(..., description="Bridge interface name")
+    state: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Bridge state.")
-    state: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Operational state of the bridge")
+    mtu: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Bridge MTU.")
-    mtu: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="MTU of the bridge")
+    stp_state: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Spanning tree state.")
-    stp_state: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) state of the bridge")
+    members: List[BridgeInterfaceInfo] = Field(default_factory=list, description="Bridge members.")
-    members: List[BridgeInterfaceInfo] = Field(default_factory=list, description="List of member interfaces of the bridge")
+
 
 class BridgeCreateRequest(BaseModel):
+    """Payload for creating a bridge and attaching interfaces."""
+
     name: str
     interfaces: List[str]
 
 
 class BridgeRemoveRequest(BaseModel):
-    name: str
+    """Payload for removing a bridge."""
-# ------------------------------
-# Lazy Init Functions
-# ------------------------------
 
-def init_network_api():
+    name: str
+
+
+def init_network_api() -> None:
+    """Initialize lazy pyroute2 clients."""
     global ip, ndb
     if ip is None:
         ip = IPRoute()
     if ndb is None:
         ndb = NDB()
 
-def shutdown_network_api():
+
+def shutdown_network_api() -> None:
+    """Close pyroute2 clients if they were initialized."""
     global ip, ndb
     if ip:
         ip.close()
@@ -125,37 +98,38 @@ def shutdown_network_api():
         ndb.close()
         ndb = None
 
-def get_iproute():
+
+def get_iproute() -> IPRoute:
+    """Dependency provider for the shared IPRoute instance."""
     if ip is None:
         init_network_api()
     return ip
 
-def get_ndb():
+
+def get_ndb() -> NDB:
+    """Dependency provider for the shared NDB instance."""
     if ndb is None:
         init_network_api()
     return ndb
 
-# ------------------------------
-# Utility functions
-# ------------------------------
 
-def parse_addresses(addrs):
+def parse_addresses(addrs: list[dict]) -> list[InterfaceAddress]:
-    res = []
+    """Convert pyroute2 address rows into `InterfaceAddress` models."""
-    for a in addrs:
+    result: list[InterfaceAddress] = []
-        family = "ipv4" if a.get("family") == 2 else "ipv6"
+    for addr in addrs:
-        res.append(
+        family = "ipv4" if addr.get("family") == 2 else "ipv6"
+        result.append(
             InterfaceAddress(
                 family=family,
-                address=a.get("address"),
+                address=addr.get("address"),
-                prefixlen=a.get("prefixlen"),
+                prefixlen=addr.get("prefixlen"),
             )
         )
-    return res
+    return result
+
 
 def parse_flags(flags_int: int) -> list[str]:
-    """
+    """Decode Linux interface flag bitset to names."""
-    Converts the integer flags from pyroute2 to human-readable list of strings.
-    """
     flags_map = {
         0x1: "UP",
         0x2: "BROADCAST",
@@ -177,37 +151,33 @@ def parse_flags(flags_int: int) -> list[str]:
         0x20000: "DORMANT",
         0x40000: "ECHO",
     }
-    result = []
+    return [name for bit, name in flags_map.items() if flags_int & bit]
-    for bit, name in flags_map.items():
-        if flags_int & bit:
-            result.append(name)
-    return result
 
-def iface_index(name: str, ip: IPRoute) -> int:
+
-    idx = ip.link_lookup(ifname=name)
+def iface_index(name: str, ip_route: IPRoute) -> int:
+    """Return interface index for a given interface name."""
+    idx = ip_route.link_lookup(ifname=name)
     if not idx:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=f"Interface {name} not found")
     return idx[0]
 
 
-def bridge_exists(name: str, ip: IPRoute) -> bool:
+def bridge_exists(name: str, ip_route: IPRoute) -> bool:
-    return bool(ip.link_lookup(ifname=name))
+    """Check whether a bridge/device with the given name exists."""
+    return bool(ip_route.link_lookup(ifname=name))
 
 
-# ------------------------------
-# Endpoints
-# ------------------------------
-
 @router.get("/interfaces", response_model=List[InterfaceInfo])
-def get_interfaces(ip: IPRoute = Depends(get_iproute)):
+def get_interfaces(ip: IPRoute = Depends(get_iproute)) -> List[InterfaceInfo]:
-    result = []
+    """List host interfaces with addresses and decoded flags."""
+    result: list[InterfaceInfo] = []
     links = ip.get_links()
     addresses = ip.get_addr()
 
-    addr_map = {}
+    addr_map: dict[int, list] = {}
-    for a in addresses:
+    for addr in addresses:
-        ifindex = a.get("index")
+        ifindex = addr.get("index")
-        addr_map.setdefault(ifindex, []).append(a)
+        addr_map.setdefault(ifindex, []).append(addr)
 
     for link in links:
         attrs = dict(link["attrs"])
@@ -227,55 +197,53 @@ def get_interfaces(ip: IPRoute = Depends(get_iproute)):
         )
     return result
 
+
 @router.get("/routes", response_model=List[RouteInfo])
-def get_routes(ip: IPRoute = Depends(get_iproute)):
+def get_routes(ip: IPRoute = Depends(get_iproute)) -> List[RouteInfo]:
-    routes = []
+    """List routes from the kernel routing tables."""
-    for r in ip.get_routes():
+    routes: list[RouteInfo] = []
-        attrs = dict(r["attrs"])
+    for route in ip.get_routes():
+        attrs = dict(route["attrs"])
         dst = attrs.get("RTA_DST")
         gateway = attrs.get("RTA_GATEWAY")
         prefsrc = attrs.get("RTA_PREFSRC")
-        oif = r.get("oif")
+        oif = route.get("oif")
+
         ifname = None
         if oif is not None:
-            # translate ifindex → name
             link = ip.get_links(oif)[0]
             ifname = dict(link["attrs"]).get("IFLA_IFNAME")
 
         routes.append(
             RouteInfo(
-                dst=f"{dst}/{r.get('dst_len')}" if dst else None,
+                dst=f"{dst}/{route.get('dst_len')}" if dst else None,
                 gateway=gateway,
                 prefsrc=prefsrc,
                 oif=oif,
                 ifname=ifname,
-                table=r.get("table", 254),
+                table=route.get("table", 254),
-                proto=r.get("proto"),
+                proto=route.get("proto"),
-                scope=r.get("scope"),
+                scope=route.get("scope"),
-                type=r.get("type"),
+                type=route.get("type"),
             )
         )
     return routes
 
 
 @router.get("/links", response_model=List[InterfaceInfo])
-def get_raw_links(ip: IPRoute = Depends(get_iproute)):
+def get_raw_links(ip: IPRoute = Depends(get_iproute)) -> List[InterfaceInfo]:
-    """
+    """List links in a normalized structure for UI consumers."""
-    Returns all interfaces in a clean Pydantic format.
+    result: list[InterfaceInfo] = []
-    This is similar to /interfaces but avoids additional processing if needed.
-    """
-    result = []
     links = ip.get_links()
     addresses = ip.get_addr()
 
-    # group addresses by interface index
+    addr_map: dict[int, list] = {}
-    addr_map = {}
+    for addr in addresses:
-    for a in addresses:
+        ifindex = addr.get("index")
-        ifindex = a.get("index")
+        addr_map.setdefault(ifindex, []).append(addr)
-        addr_map.setdefault(ifindex, []).append(a)
 
     for link in links:
-        attrs = dict(link.get("attrs", []))  # convert list of tuples to dict
+        attrs = dict(link.get("attrs", []))
         ifindex = link["index"]
         addrs = addr_map.get(ifindex, [])
 
@@ -286,116 +254,95 @@ def get_raw_links(ip: IPRoute = Depends(get_iproute)):
                 state=attrs.get("IFLA_OPERSTATE", "unknown"),
                 mac=attrs.get("IFLA_ADDRESS"),
                 mtu=attrs.get("IFLA_MTU", 0),
-                flags=[],  # latest pyroute2 removed ifi_flags, leave empty
+                flags=[],
                 addresses=parse_addresses(addrs),
             )
         )
 
     return result
 
+
 @router.get("/bridges", response_model=List[BridgeInfo])
-def get_bridges():
+def get_bridges() -> List[BridgeInfo]:
-    """
+    """List all bridges and their current member interfaces."""
-    Get all bridge interfaces on the system, including their member interfaces.
+    bridges_list: list[BridgeInfo] = []
-    Returns detailed information:
-    - Bridge index, name, state, MTU
-    - STP state
-    - Member interfaces with index, name, state, and MTU
-    """
-    bridges_list: List[BridgeInfo] = []
 
-    with NDB() as ndb:
+    with NDB() as ndb_ctx:
-        for br in ndb.interfaces:
+        for bridge in ndb_ctx.interfaces:
-            # Only bridges
+            if getattr(bridge, "kind", None) != "bridge":
-            if getattr(br, "kind", None) == "bridge":
+                continue
-                members: List[BridgeInterfaceInfo] = []
+
-                # Find member interfaces
+            members: list[BridgeInterfaceInfo] = []
-                for iface in ndb.interfaces:
+            for iface in ndb_ctx.interfaces:
-                    if getattr(iface, "master", None) == br.index:
+                if getattr(iface, "master", None) == bridge.index:
-                        members.append(
+                    members.append(
-                            BridgeInterfaceInfo(
+                        BridgeInterfaceInfo(
-                                ifindex=iface.index,
+                            ifindex=iface.index,
-                                ifname=iface.ifname,
+                            ifname=iface.ifname,
-                                state=getattr(iface, "operstate", None),
+                            state=getattr(iface, "operstate", None),
-                                mtu=getattr(iface, "mtu", None)
+                            mtu=getattr(iface, "mtu", None),
-                            )
                         )
-
-                bridges_list.append(
-                    BridgeInfo(
-                        ifindex=br.index,
-                        ifname=br.ifname,
-                        state=getattr(br, "operstate", None),
-                        mtu=getattr(br, "mtu", None),
-                        stp_state=getattr(br, "stp_state", None),
-                        members=members
                     )
+
+            bridges_list.append(
+                BridgeInfo(
+                    ifindex=bridge.index,
+                    ifname=bridge.ifname,
+                    state=getattr(bridge, "operstate", None),
+                    mtu=getattr(bridge, "mtu", None),
+                    stp_state=getattr(bridge, "stp_state", None),
+                    members=members,
                 )
+            )
 
     return bridges_list
 
+
 @router.get("/full-state")
-def full_state(
+def full_state(ip: IPRoute = Depends(get_iproute)) -> dict:
-    ip: IPRoute = Depends(get_iproute),
+    """Return interfaces, routes, and bridges in one response."""
-):
-    """
-    Returns the full network state:
-    - Interfaces with IP addresses and flags
-    - Routes
-    - Bridges with member interfaces
-    """
     return {
         "interfaces": get_interfaces(ip),
         "routes": get_routes(ip),
-        "bridges": get_bridges(),  # uses NDB internally
+        "bridges": get_bridges(),
     }
 
-@router.post("/bridge/create")
-def create_bridge(req: BridgeCreateRequest, ip: IPRoute = Depends(get_iproute)):
-    if bridge_exists(req.name, ip):
-        raise HTTPException(400, detail=f"Bridge {req.name} already exists")
 
-    # Bridge erzeugen
+@router.post("/bridge/create")
+def create_bridge(req: BridgeCreateRequest, ip: IPRoute = Depends(get_iproute)) -> dict:
+    """Create a bridge and attach listed interfaces."""
+    if bridge_exists(req.name, ip):
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"Bridge {req.name} already exists")
+
     ip.link("add", ifname=req.name, kind="bridge")
     br_idx = iface_index(req.name, ip)
-
-    # Bridge konfigurieren
-    # TODO Parameter anpassen (STP, etc.)
     ip.link("set", index=br_idx, kind="bridge", br_stp_state=0)
     ip.link("set", index=br_idx, state="up")
 
-    # Interfaces hinzufügen + aktivieren
     for iface in req.interfaces:
         idx = iface_index(iface, ip)
-
+        ip.link("set", index=idx, state="down")
-        # interface hochfahren
-        ip.link("set", index=idx, state="down")  # optional - sicherer
         ip.link("set", index=idx, state="up")
-
-        # interface in die bridge hängen
         ip.link("set", index=idx, master=br_idx)
 
     return {
         "status": "ok",
         "bridge": req.name,
-        "interfaces": req.interfaces
+        "interfaces": req.interfaces,
     }
 
 
 @router.post("/bridge/remove")
-def remove_bridge(req: BridgeRemoveRequest, ip: IPRoute = Depends(get_iproute)):
+def remove_bridge(req: BridgeRemoveRequest, ip: IPRoute = Depends(get_iproute)) -> dict:
+    """Detach and remove a bridge by name."""
     if not bridge_exists(req.name, ip):
-        raise HTTPException(404, f"Bridge {req.name} not found")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=f"Bridge {req.name} not found")
 
     br_idx = iface_index(req.name, ip)
-
-    # Bridge runterfahren
     ip.link("set", index=br_idx, state="down")
-
-    # Bridge löschen
     ip.link("del", index=br_idx)
 
     return {
         "status": "ok",
-        "deleted": req.name
+        "deleted": req.name,
-    }
+    }

backend/src/api/packet_api.py

@@ -1,96 +1,72 @@
-# src/routers/packets.py
+"""Packet history and streaming endpoints."""
+
 import asyncio
 import base64
 import json
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Any, Dict, List, Union
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException, Query, WebSocket, WebSocketDisconnect
+from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
-from src.Models.packets import PacketDBModel
-from fastapi import APIRouter, Query, WebSocket, WebSocketDisconnect, HTTPException
-from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
-
 import src.shared_objects as shared
+from src.Models.packets import PacketDBModel
 
 logger = logging.getLogger("packets_router")
 router = APIRouter()
 
 
 def _serialize_row_for_json(row: Union[Dict[str, Any], PacketDBModel, BaseModel]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-    """
+    """Convert one packet row to a JSON-safe dictionary."""
-    Convert a DB row or PacketDBModel into a JSON-serializable dict.
-
-    - If `row` is a Pydantic model (PacketDBModel or BaseModel), use `.dict()` to get a plain dict.
-    - If `raw` is bytes/bytearray, produce `raw_b64` and drop `raw`.
-    - If `raw_b64` already exists, do not re-encode.
-    - For values that cannot be JSON serialized, fall back to str(value).
-    """
-    # If given a Pydantic model, convert to dict first
     if isinstance(row, BaseModel):
-        d: Dict[str, Any] = row.dict(by_alias=True, exclude_none=True)
+        raw_dict: Dict[str, Any] = row.dict(by_alias=True, exclude_none=True)
     else:
-        # copy to avoid mutating caller's dict
+        raw_dict = dict(row)
-        d = dict(row)
 
-    # If raw_b64 already present, prefer it. If raw present and bytes, convert.
+    raw_val = raw_dict.get("raw")
-    raw_val = d.get("raw")
     if raw_val is not None and isinstance(raw_val, (bytes, bytearray)):
-        # convert to base64 string and remove raw
         try:
-            d["raw_b64"] = base64.b64encode(raw_val).decode("ascii")
+            raw_dict["raw_b64"] = base64.b64encode(raw_val).decode("ascii")
-            d.pop("raw", None)
+            raw_dict.pop("raw", None)
         except Exception:
-            # keep raw as str fallback
             try:
-                d["raw_b64"] = base64.b64encode(bytes(raw_val)).decode("ascii")
+                raw_dict["raw_b64"] = base64.b64encode(bytes(raw_val)).decode("ascii")
-                d.pop("raw", None)
+                raw_dict.pop("raw", None)
             except Exception:
-                logger.exception("Failed to base64-encode raw bytes for row id=%s", d.get("id"))
+                logger.exception("Failed to base64-encode raw bytes for row id=%s", raw_dict.get("id"))
-                d["raw_b64"] = str(raw_val)
+                raw_dict["raw_b64"] = str(raw_val)
-                d.pop("raw", None)
+                raw_dict.pop("raw", None)
 
-    # Ensure final dict is JSON-safe: try json.dumps on each value, fallback to str()
+    output: Dict[str, Any] = {}
-    out: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    for key, value in raw_dict.items():
-    for k, v in d.items():
+        if key == "raw_b64" and isinstance(value, (bytes, bytearray)):
-        # skip any private/internal keys if needed (optional)
-        # if k.startswith("_"):
-        #     continue
-
-        # raw_b64: ensure it's a str
-        if k == "raw_b64" and isinstance(v, (bytes, bytearray)):
             try:
-                out["raw_b64"] = base64.b64encode(v).decode("ascii")
+                output["raw_b64"] = base64.b64encode(value).decode("ascii")
-                continue
             except Exception:
-                out["raw_b64"] = str(v)
+                output["raw_b64"] = str(value)
-                continue
+            continue
 
-        # JSON-serializable check
         try:
-            json.dumps({k: v})
+            json.dumps({key: value})
-            out[k] = v
+            output[key] = value
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
-            # convert non-serializable to string representation
             try:
-                out[k] = str(v)
+                output[key] = str(value)
             except Exception:
-                out[k] = "<unserializable>"
+                output[key] = "<unserializable>"
-    return out
+
+    return output
 
 
 async def _serialize_rows(rows: List[Union[Dict[str, Any], PacketDBModel]]) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
-    """
+    """Convert packet rows to JSON-safe dictionaries, preserving order."""
-    Serialize a list of DB rows or PacketDBModel instances into JSON-ready dicts.
+    return [_serialize_row_for_json(row) for row in rows]
-    Keeps the same order as input.
+
-    """
-    return [_serialize_row_for_json(r) for r in rows]
 
 @router.get("/packets")
-async def get_packets(limit: int = Query(100, ge=1, le=10000)):
+async def get_packets(limit: int = Query(100, ge=1, le=10000)) -> JSONResponse:
-    """
+    """Return the latest packets in reverse chronological order."""
-    Return latest `limit` packets (newest first). The DB helper already converts
-    `raw` to `raw_b64` in fetch_latest, but we defensively re-serialize here.
-    """
     db = shared.db
     if db is None:
         logger.warning("GET /packets called but DB is not available")
@@ -98,21 +74,16 @@ async def get_packets(limit: int = Query(100, ge=1, le=10000)):
 
     try:
         rows = await db.fetch_latest(limit)
-        serial = await _serialize_rows(rows)
+        serialized = await _serialize_rows(rows)
-        return JSONResponse(content={"count": len(serial), "packets": serial})
+        return JSONResponse(content={"count": len(serialized), "packets": serialized})
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception as exc:
         logger.exception("Failed to fetch latest packets from DB")
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Failed to fetch packets")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Failed to fetch packets") from exc
 
 
 @router.websocket("/ws/packets")
-async def websocket_packets(ws: WebSocket):
+async def websocket_packets(ws: WebSocket) -> None:
-    """
+    """Stream live packets to a websocket client."""
-    WebSocket live feed endpoint.
-
-    Accepts optional query param `subscribe_recent` (e.g. ?subscribe_recent=20)
-    which will deliver the last N packets immediately on connect.
-    """
     await ws.accept()
     logger.debug("WebSocket connection accepted: %s", ws.client)
 
@@ -131,86 +102,75 @@ async def websocket_packets(ws: WebSocket):
         logger.warning("WebSocket closed: broadcaster not available")
         return
 
-    # Parse subscribe_recent from query params (defensive)
     try:
         subscribe_recent_raw = ws.query_params.get("subscribe_recent", "0")
         subscribe_recent = int(subscribe_recent_raw)
-        if subscribe_recent < 0:
+        subscribe_recent = max(subscribe_recent, 0)
-            subscribe_recent = 0
     except Exception:
         subscribe_recent = 0
 
-    q: Optional[asyncio.Queue] = None
+    queue: Optional[asyncio.Queue] = None
     try:
-        # Optionally send recent history first
         if subscribe_recent > 0:
             recent = await db.fetch_latest(subscribe_recent)
-            recent_serial = await _serialize_rows(recent)
+            recent_serialized = await _serialize_rows(recent)
-            await ws.send_json({"type": "recent", "count": len(recent_serial), "packets": recent_serial})
+            await ws.send_json({"type": "recent", "count": len(recent_serialized), "packets": recent_serialized})
 
-        # Subscribe to broadcaster to receive live packets
+        queue = await broadcaster.subscribe()
-        q = await broadcaster.subscribe()
+        logger.info("WebSocket subscribed client %s (queue maxsize=%d)", ws.client, queue.maxsize)
-        logger.info("WebSocket subscribed client %s (queue maxsize=%d)", ws.client, q.maxsize)
 
-        # Simple heartbeat: periodically ensure client is responsive (optional)
-        # We'll implement by awaiting q.get() which blocks until a message is published.
         while True:
-            msg = await q.get()
+            message = await queue.get()
-            # Normalize message to JSON-able dict
+
-            if isinstance(msg, dict):
+            if isinstance(message, dict):
-                payload = _serialize_row_for_json(msg)
+                payload: Any = _serialize_row_for_json(message)
             else:
-                # not a dict — try to json-serialize directly
                 try:
-                    json.dumps(msg)
+                    json.dumps(message)
-                    payload = msg
+                    payload = message
                 except Exception:
-                    payload = {"data": str(msg)}
+                    payload = {"data": str(message)}
 
             try:
                 await ws.send_json(payload)
             except Exception:
-                # sending failed (client disconnected or write error)
+                logger.info("WebSocket send failed for client %s; unsubscribing", ws.client)
-                logger.info("WebSocket send failed for client %s — unsubscribing", ws.client)
                 break
     except WebSocketDisconnect:
         logger.info("WebSocket client disconnected: %s", ws.client)
     except Exception:
         logger.exception("Unexpected error in websocket_packets")
     finally:
-        # Clean up subscriber queue
+        if queue is not None:
-        if q is not None:
             try:
-                await broadcaster.unsubscribe(q)
+                await broadcaster.unsubscribe(queue)
             except Exception:
                 logger.exception("Failed to unsubscribe websocket queue")
+
         try:
             await ws.close()
         except Exception:
             pass
-        logger.debug("WebSocket connection closed and cleaned up for client %s", ws.client)
 
-    
+        logger.debug("WebSocket connection cleaned up for client %s", ws.client)
+
+
 @router.delete("/packets")
-async def clear_packets(reset_id: bool = Query(True)):
+async def clear_packets(reset_id: bool = Query(True)) -> JSONResponse:
-    """
+    """Remove all packet rows from the database."""
-    Clear all packet logs from the database.
-    Uses TRUNCATE internally for high performance.
-    """
     db = shared.db
     if db is None:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=503, detail="Database not available")
 
     success = await db.clear_all_packets(reset_identity=reset_id)
-    
     if not success:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Failed to clear packet table")
 
     logger.info("User initiated clear_packets (reset_id=%s)", reset_id)
     return JSONResponse(
         content={
-            "status": "success", 
+            "status": "success",
             "message": "All packets have been cleared",
-            "reset_id": reset_id
+            "reset_id": reset_id,
         }
     )

backend/src/api/sniffer_api.py

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-# src/routers/sniffer.py
+"""HTTP API for starting, stopping, and inspecting sniffer sessions."""
-from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException, Query, Body
+
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Body, HTTPException, Query
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
-from typing import Dict, Any, Optional
 
 from src.network_sniffer import (
     get_sniffer_status,
@@ -12,103 +14,113 @@ from src.network_sniffer import (
 router = APIRouter()
 
 
-# ------------------------------
-# Pydantic Models
-# ------------------------------
 class SnifferStartRequest(BaseModel):
-    """
+    """Request payload for starting a sniffer session."""
-    Request model for starting the sniffer on a specific bridge OR interface.
-    Exactly one of `bridge` or `interface` must be provided.
-    """
-    bridge: Optional[str] = Field(None, example="br0", description="Name of the Linux bridge to sniff on")
-    interface: Optional[str] = Field(None, example="eth0", description="Name of the network interface to sniff on")
 
-
+    bridge: Optional[str] = Field(
-class SnifferStartResponse(BaseModel):
+        None,
-    """
+        example="br0",
-    Response model returned when sniffer starts successfully.
+        description="Bridge name to sniff.",
-    """
+    )
-    started: bool = Field(..., description="Whether the sniffer was started successfully")
+    interface: Optional[str] = Field(
-    session_id: str = Field(..., description="Session identifier for this sniffer instance")
+        None,
-    target: str = Field(..., description="Target that was started (bridge or interface)")
+        example="eth0",
-    target_type: str = Field(..., description="Either 'bridge' or 'interface'")
+        description="Interface name to sniff.",
-
+    )
-
+
-class SnifferStopRequest(BaseModel):
+
-    """
+class SnifferStartResponse(BaseModel):
-    Optional body for stop — prefer session_id if you want to stop a specific session.
+    """Response payload for a successful sniffer start."""
-    If omitted, stopping behavior will be determined by query params (bridge/interface) or global stop.
+
-    """
+    started: bool = Field(..., description="True when a session was started.")
-    session_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Session id to stop")
+    session_id: str = Field(..., description="Unique session identifier.")
-
+    target: str = Field(..., description="Started target name.")
-
+    target_type: str = Field(..., description="Either 'bridge' or 'interface'.")
-class SnifferStopResponse(BaseModel):
+
-    stopped: bool = Field(..., description="Whether the sniffer was stopped successfully")
+
-    session_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Session id stopped (if any)")
+class SnifferStopRequest(BaseModel):
-    target: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Target stopped; null if global stop")
+    """Optional stop payload for targeting a specific session."""
-    target_type: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="'bridge' or 'interface' or None")
+
-
+    session_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Session ID to stop.")
-
+
-class InterfaceSnifferStatus(BaseModel):
+
-    running: bool = Field(..., description="Whether the sniffer thread/socket is active")
+class SnifferStopResponse(BaseModel):
-    exists: bool = Field(..., description="Whether the interface exists in /sys/class/net")
+    """Response payload for stop operations."""
-    up: bool = Field(..., description="Whether the interface is operationally UP")
+
-    session_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Session id owning this interface")
+    stopped: bool = Field(..., description="True when stop completed.")
-    session_label: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Human label for the session")
+    session_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Stopped session ID if available.")
-
+    target: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Stopped target name.")
-
+    target_type: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="'bridge', 'interface', or null.")
-class SnifferStatusResponse(BaseModel):
+
-    interfaces: Dict[str, InterfaceSnifferStatus] = Field(
+
-        ..., description="Map of interface names to their sniffer status"
+class InterfaceSnifferStatus(BaseModel):
+    """Status details for a single network interface."""
+
+    running: bool = Field(..., description="Whether a sniffer is currently active.")
+    exists: bool = Field(..., description="Whether the interface exists on the host.")
+    up: bool = Field(..., description="Whether the interface is operationally up.")
+    session_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Owning sniffer session ID.")
+    session_label: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Human-readable session label.")
+
+
+class SnifferStatusResponse(BaseModel):
+    """Status response keyed by interface name."""
+
+    interfaces: Dict[str, InterfaceSnifferStatus] = Field(
+        ...,
+        description="Map of interface names to status objects.",
     )
 
 
-# ------------------------------
-# Endpoints
-# ------------------------------
 @router.post("/start", response_model=SnifferStartResponse)
-def sniffer_start(req: SnifferStartRequest):
+def sniffer_start(req: SnifferStartRequest) -> SnifferStartResponse:
-    """
+    """Start one sniffer session for exactly one target."""
-    Start a sniffer session for the given bridge OR interface.
-    Exactly one of `bridge` or `interface` must be provided.
-    Returns a session_id to manage the session.
-    """
     if bool(req.bridge) == bool(req.interface):
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Exactly one of 'bridge' or 'interface' must be provided")
 
     try:
         if req.interface:
             session_id = start_afpacket_sniffer(req.interface, target_is_interface=True)
-            return SnifferStartResponse(started=True, session_id=session_id, target=req.interface, target_type="interface")
+            return SnifferStartResponse(
-        else:
+                started=True,
-            session_id = start_afpacket_sniffer(req.bridge, target_is_interface=False)
+                session_id=session_id,
-            return SnifferStartResponse(started=True, session_id=session_id, target=req.bridge, target_type="bridge")
+                target=req.interface,
+                target_type="interface",
+            )
+
+        session_id = start_afpacket_sniffer(req.bridge, target_is_interface=False)
+        return SnifferStartResponse(
+            started=True,
+            session_id=session_id,
+            target=req.bridge,
+            target_type="bridge",
+        )
     except Exception as exc:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Failed to start sniffer: {exc}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Failed to start sniffer: {exc}") from exc
 
 
 @router.post("/stop", response_model=SnifferStopResponse)
 def sniffer_stop(
-    q_bridge: Optional[str] = Query(None, alias="bridge", description="If provided, stop sniffer sockets for this bridge"),
+    q_bridge: Optional[str] = Query(
-    q_interface: Optional[str] = Query(None, alias="interface", description="If provided, stop sniffer socket for this interface"),
+        None,
+        alias="bridge",
+        description="Stop sockets for this bridge.",
+    ),
+    q_interface: Optional[str] = Query(
+        None,
+        alias="interface",
+        description="Stop sockets for this interface.",
+    ),
     body: SnifferStopRequest = Body(...),
-):
+) -> SnifferStopResponse:
-    """
+    """Stop by session ID, target query, or globally when no selector is given."""
-    Stop sniffer sessions.
-
-    - If body.session_id is provided: stop that session (preferred).
-    - Else if query param `interface` provided: close socket for that interface across sessions.
-    - Else if query param `bridge` provided: remove snapshot / close sockets for that bridge across sessions.
-    - Else: stop all sessions (global stop).
-    """
     if body and body.session_id:
         try:
             stop_afpacket_sniffer(session_id=body.session_id)
             return SnifferStopResponse(stopped=True, session_id=body.session_id, target=None, target_type=None)
         except Exception as exc:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Failed to stop session {body.session_id}: {exc}")
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Failed to stop session {body.session_id}: {exc}") from exc
 
-    # validate query params
     if q_bridge and q_interface:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Only one of 'bridge' or 'interface' may be provided")
 
@@ -116,29 +128,23 @@ def sniffer_stop(
         if q_interface:
             stop_afpacket_sniffer(target=q_interface, target_is_interface=True)
             return SnifferStopResponse(stopped=True, session_id=None, target=q_interface, target_type="interface")
+
         if q_bridge:
             stop_afpacket_sniffer(target=q_bridge, target_is_interface=False)
             return SnifferStopResponse(stopped=True, session_id=None, target=q_bridge, target_type="bridge")
 
-        # global stop
         stop_afpacket_sniffer()
         return SnifferStopResponse(stopped=True, session_id=None, target=None, target_type=None)
     except Exception as exc:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Failed to stop sniffer: {exc}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Failed to stop sniffer: {exc}") from exc
 
 
 @router.get("/status", response_model=SnifferStatusResponse)
-def sniffer_status():
+def sniffer_status() -> SnifferStatusResponse:
-    """
+    """Return current sniffer status per interface."""
-    Return the sniffer status information.
-    """
     try:
-        raw = get_sniffer_status()
+        raw: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = get_sniffer_status()
-        # Convert raw dict → typed model
+        typed = {key: InterfaceSnifferStatus(**value) for key, value in raw.items()}
-        typed = {
-            k: InterfaceSnifferStatus(**v)
-            for k, v in raw.items()
-        }
         return SnifferStatusResponse(interfaces=typed)
     except Exception as exc:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Failed to query sniffer status: {exc}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Failed to query sniffer status: {exc}") from exc

backend/src/main.py

@@ -1,30 +1,24 @@
-# src/main.py
+"""FastAPI application entrypoint and runtime wiring."""
+
 import asyncio
 import logging
 import os
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
 
-
-from src.api import packet_scripting_api
-from src.api import nft_manager
-from src.utilities.packet_broadcaster import PacketBroadcaster
-import src.shared_objects as shared_objects
-from src.utilities.database import DatabasePool
 import src.api.network_api as network_api
 import src.api.sniffer_api as sniffer_api
-from src.api import nft_api
+import src.shared_objects as shared_objects
+from src.api import nft_manager
 from src.api import packet_api
-import src.api.nftables_api as nftables_api
+from src.api import packet_scripting_api
+from src.utilities.database import DatabasePool
+from src.utilities.packet_broadcaster import PacketBroadcaster
 
-# ---- Config -----------------------------------------------------------
 DB_DSN = "postgresql://mitm_user:mitm_password@localhost:5432/mitm_db"
 
-
 logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
-
-# ---- Globals -----------------------------------------------
-# Create DatabasePool instance (pool created on startup)
 shared_objects.db = DatabasePool(DB_DSN)
 
 app = FastAPI(
@@ -45,62 +39,44 @@ app.add_middleware(
     allow_headers=["*"],
 )
 
-# ---------------------
-#   Startup / Shutdown
-# ---------------------
 
 @app.on_event("startup")
-async def on_startup():
+async def on_startup() -> None:
-    """
+    """Initialize shared runtime objects on the FastAPI event loop."""
-    Initialize DB pool and broadcaster on the FastAPI event loop and
-    publish them into shared_objects so other modules (sniffer, routers)
-    can access them.
-    """
     loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
     shared_objects.web_loop = loop
 
-    # Initialize DB pool bound to this loop
     try:
         await shared_objects.db.init_pool()
     except Exception:
         logging.exception("Failed to initialize DB pool")
         raise
 
-    # Create broadcaster and attach to DB so DB.insert_packet can publish updates
     try:
         shared_objects.broadcaster = PacketBroadcaster(loop)
         shared_objects.db.broadcaster = shared_objects.broadcaster
     except Exception:
         logging.exception("Failed to create/attach broadcaster")
-        # continue — DB is primary; broadcaster optional
 
-    # Drain any buffered packets from the sniffer (if it started earlier)
     try:
-        # import sniffer here to avoid circular imports at module import time
         from src import network_sniffer as sniffer
 
-        # sniffer provides drain_buffer_to_shared_db()
         try:
             sniffer.drain_buffer_to_shared_db()
         except Exception:
             logging.exception("Failed to drain sniffer buffer")
     except ImportError:
-        # sniffer not present or not importable; skip
+        logging.debug("Sniffer module not importable at startup; skipping buffer drain")
-        logging.debug("sniffer module not importable at startup; skipping buffer drain")
 
 
 @app.on_event("shutdown")
-async def shutdown_event():
+async def shutdown_event() -> None:
-    """
+    """Stop network resources and release shared runtime objects."""
-    Shutdown actions: stop network API and close DB pool if present.
-    """
-    # try to shut down network API components
     try:
         network_api.shutdown_network_api()
     except Exception:
         logging.exception("Error shutting down network API")
 
-    # close DB pool if available in shared_objects
     try:
         web_db = getattr(shared_objects, "db", None)
         if web_db is not None:
@@ -108,37 +84,26 @@ async def shutdown_event():
     except Exception:
         logging.exception("Failed to close DB pool during shutdown")
 
-    # clear shared runtime objects (optional cleanup)
+    shared_objects.db = None
-    try:
+    shared_objects.broadcaster = None
-        shared_objects.db = None
+    shared_objects.web_loop = None
-        shared_objects.broadcaster = None
-        shared_objects.web_loop = None
-    except Exception:
-        pass
 
 
-# ---------------------
-#   Basic Endpoints
-# ---------------------
-
 @app.get("/hello")
-def hello():
+def hello() -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Simple health-check endpoint."""
     return {"message": "Hello from FastAPI 🎉"}
 
 
 @app.get("/versions")
-def versions():
+def versions() -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Return runtime Python version."""
     message = os.popen("python --version").read().strip()
     return {"message": message}
 
-# ---------------------
-#   Routers
-# ---------------------
 
 app.include_router(network_api.router, prefix="/network", tags=["network"])
 app.include_router(sniffer_api.router, prefix="/sniffer", tags=["sniffer"])
 app.include_router(packet_api.router, prefix="/packets", tags=["packets"])
-#app.include_router(nftables_api.router, prefix="/nftables", tags=["nftables"])
-#app.include_router(nft_api.router, prefix="/nft", tags=["nft"])
 app.include_router(nft_manager.router, tags=["firewall"])
-app.include_router(packet_scripting_api.router, prefix="/scripts", tags=["scripts"])
+app.include_router(packet_scripting_api.router, prefix="/scripts", tags=["scripts"])

backend/src/shared_objects.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-from typing import Optional
+"""Shared runtime objects initialized during FastAPI startup."""
-import asyncio
 
-# These are filled at FastAPI startup
+import asyncio
-# DB instance
+from typing import Any, Optional
-db = None
+
+db: Any = None
 web_loop: Optional[asyncio.AbstractEventLoop] = None
-broadcaster = None
+broadcaster: Any = None

backend/src/utilities/database.py

@@ -1,28 +1,21 @@
-# src/utilities/database.py
+"""Database helper for packet persistence and retrieval."""
-import logging
-import base64
-import asyncio
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Any
-from pydantic import ValidationError
 
+import asyncio
+import base64
+import logging
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
 
 import asyncpg
 from asyncpg.pool import Pool
+from pydantic import ValidationError
 
 from src.Models.packets import PacketDBModel
 
-# ---- Logging ----------------------------------------------------------
 logger = logging.getLogger("af_packet_sniffer")
 
 
 class DatabasePool:
-    """
+    """Asyncpg connection pool wrapper used by the packet APIs."""
-    Lightweight asyncpg connection pool wrapper.
-
-    - Lazy pool creation via init_pool()
-    - Safe against concurrent init_pool() calls via an asyncio.Lock created on first use
-    - insert_packet() forwards the pkt_info to an optional broadcaster after successful insert
-    """
 
     def __init__(self, dsn: str, min_size: int = 1, max_size: int = 5):
         self._dsn = dsn
@@ -30,26 +23,26 @@ class DatabasePool:
         self._min_size = min_size
         self._max_size = max_size
         self.broadcaster = None
-        # created on first init_pool() (must be created on an event loop)
         self._init_lock: Optional[asyncio.Lock] = None
 
     async def init_pool(self) -> None:
-        """Initialize the asyncpg pool if not already initialized (idempotent)."""
+        """Initialize the connection pool once per process."""
         if self._pool is not None:
             return
 
-        # Ensure a lock exists that is bound to the running event loop
         if self._init_lock is None:
             self._init_lock = asyncio.Lock()
 
         async with self._init_lock:
-            # Double-check after acquiring lock
             if self._pool is not None:
                 return
+
             logger.info("Initializing DB pool (dsn=%s)", self._dsn)
             try:
                 self._pool = await asyncpg.create_pool(
-                    dsn=self._dsn, min_size=self._min_size, max_size=self._max_size
+                    dsn=self._dsn,
+                    min_size=self._min_size,
+                    max_size=self._max_size,
                 )
                 logger.info("DB pool initialized")
             except Exception:
@@ -57,9 +50,10 @@ class DatabasePool:
                 raise
 
     async def close_pool(self) -> None:
-        """Close the pool if it exists."""
+        """Close the pool if present."""
         if self._pool is None:
             return
+
         try:
             await self._pool.close()
             logger.info("DB pool closed")
@@ -69,13 +63,7 @@ class DatabasePool:
             self._pool = None
 
     async def insert_packet(self, pkt_info: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
-        """
+        """Insert one packet record and publish it to subscribers."""
-        Insert packet metadata into the `packets` table.
-
-        Preserves the same columns/values as before.
-        After a successful insert, if a broadcaster is attached it will be
-        notified via broadcaster.sync_publish(pkt_info).
-        """
         if self._pool is None:
             await self.init_pool()
 
@@ -115,13 +103,11 @@ class DatabasePool:
         except Exception:
             logger.exception("DB insert failed")
             return
-        # Update the dictionary with the DB-generated values
+
         if new_row:
             pkt_info["id"] = new_row["id"]
-            # Convert timestamp to ISO string for JSON serialization in WebSockets
             pkt_info["timestamp"] = new_row["timestamp"].isoformat()
 
-        # notify broadcaster (non-blocking). broadcaster is expected to be thread-safe.
         if self.broadcaster:
             try:
                 self.broadcaster.sync_publish(pkt_info)
@@ -129,11 +115,7 @@ class DatabasePool:
                 logger.exception("Failed to publish pkt_info to broadcaster")
 
     async def fetch_latest(self, limit: int) -> List[PacketDBModel]:
-        """
+        """Fetch newest packet rows as validated `PacketDBModel` instances."""
-        Fetch the latest `limit` packets (newest first).
-
-        Returns a list of PacketDBModel. Converts raw bytes -> raw_b64 for JSON-safe output.
-        """
         if self._pool is None:
             await self.init_pool()
 
@@ -148,45 +130,34 @@ class DatabasePool:
                 limit,
             )
 
-        out: List[PacketDBModel] = []
+        result: List[PacketDBModel] = []
+        for row in rows:
+            data = dict(row)
 
-        for r in rows:
+            raw_val = data.get("raw")
-            d = dict(r)
-
-            # convert byte raw -> base64 string (and remove raw)
-            raw_val = d.get("raw")
             if isinstance(raw_val, (bytes, bytearray)):
-                d["raw_b64"] = base64.b64encode(raw_val).decode("ascii")
+                data["raw_b64"] = base64.b64encode(raw_val).decode("ascii")
-                d.pop("raw", None)
+                data.pop("raw", None)
 
-
-            # Validate/construct Pydantic model
             try:
-                packet_model = PacketDBModel(**d)
+                packet_model = PacketDBModel(**data)
-            except ValidationError as ve:
+            except ValidationError as exc:
-                # Log and skip invalid rows (or handle otherwise)
                 logger.warning(
                     "Skipping DB row that failed PacketDBModel validation (id=%s): %s",
-                    d.get("id"),
+                    data.get("id"),
-                    ve,
+                    exc,
                 )
                 continue
 
-            out.append(packet_model)
+            result.append(packet_model)
+
+        return result
 
-        return out
-    
     async def clear_all_packets(self, reset_identity: bool = True) -> bool:
-        """
+        """Truncate the packet table and optionally reset identity counters."""
-        Deletes all rows from the `packets` table.
-        
-        If reset_identity is True, the auto-increment ID counter is reset to 1.
-        Returns True if successful, False otherwise.
-        """
         if self._pool is None:
             await self.init_pool()
 
-        # TRUNCATE is faster than DELETE and resets the identity counter
         restart_clause = "RESTART IDENTITY" if reset_identity else ""
         query = f"TRUNCATE TABLE packets {restart_clause};"
 

backend/src/utilities/packet_broadcaster.py

@@ -1,140 +1,100 @@
-# src/utilities/packet_broadcaster.py
+"""In-process packet broadcaster for websocket subscribers."""
+
 import asyncio
 import logging
-from typing import Dict, Any, List, Optional
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
 
 logger = logging.getLogger("packet_broadcaster")
 
 
 class PacketBroadcaster:
-    """
+    """Manage subscriber queues and publish packet events."""
-    Simple in-process broadcaster:
-    - Maintains a set of subscriber asyncio.Queues (one per websocket connection).
-    - publish(msg) is run on the broadcaster's event loop.
-    - sync_publish(msg) is thread-safe and can be called from other threads / loops.
-
-    Note: create this on the FastAPI event loop (e.g. in startup) so that its lock and
-    operations run on that same loop.
-    """
 
     def __init__(self, loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop, queue_maxsize: int = 1024):
         self._loop = loop
         self._queue_maxsize = queue_maxsize
-
-        # create lock and subscribers on the target loop to avoid cross-loop asyncio primitives
         self._subscribers: List[asyncio.Queue] = []
-        # create lock bound to the same loop by scheduling its construction on that loop
         self._lock: Optional[asyncio.Lock] = None
+        self._closed = False
+
         try:
-            # ensure lock is created on the given loop
+            def _make_lock() -> None:
-            def _make_lock():
                 self._lock = asyncio.Lock()
 
             loop.call_soon_threadsafe(_make_lock)
         except Exception:
-            # fallback — create in current loop if call_soon_threadsafe fails
             self._lock = asyncio.Lock()
 
-        self._closed = False
-
     async def subscribe(self) -> asyncio.Queue:
-        """
+        """Create and register a queue for one subscriber."""
-        Create a subscriber queue and add it to the list.
-        Caller is expected to await on the returned queue to receive messages.
-        """
         if self._closed:
             raise RuntimeError("PacketBroadcaster is closed")
 
-        q: asyncio.Queue = asyncio.Queue(maxsize=self._queue_maxsize)
+        queue: asyncio.Queue = asyncio.Queue(maxsize=self._queue_maxsize)
-        # wait until lock exists
         while self._lock is None:
-            await asyncio.sleep(0)  # yield to event loop briefly
+            await asyncio.sleep(0)
 
         async with self._lock:
-            self._subscribers.append(q)
+            self._subscribers.append(queue)
-        return q
 
-    async def unsubscribe(self, q: asyncio.Queue) -> None:
+        return queue
-        """
+
-        Remove a subscriber queue if present.
+    async def unsubscribe(self, queue: asyncio.Queue) -> None:
-        """
+        """Unregister a subscriber queue if it exists."""
         if self._lock is None:
             return
+
         async with self._lock:
             try:
-                self._subscribers.remove(q)
+                self._subscribers.remove(queue)
             except ValueError:
                 pass
 
     async def publish(self, msg: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
-        """
+        """Publish one message to all current subscribers."""
-        Publish msg to all subscribers (must be called on the broadcaster's loop).
+        if self._closed or self._lock is None:
-        We use put_nowait to avoid blocking. If a subscriber queue is full we drop
-        that subscriber's message to avoid backpressure.
-        """
-        if self._closed:
-            return
-
-        if self._lock is None:
-            # not initialized yet; nothing to do
             return
 
         async with self._lock:
-            subs = list(self._subscribers)
+            subscribers = list(self._subscribers)
 
-        for q in subs:
+        for queue in subscribers:
             try:
-                q.put_nowait(msg)
+                queue.put_nowait(msg)
             except asyncio.QueueFull:
-                # drop message for this subscriber
                 continue
             except Exception as exc:
-                logger.exception("Unexpected error when publishing to subscriber: %s", exc)
+                logger.exception("Unexpected subscriber publish error: %s", exc)
-                # attempt to remove broken subscriber
                 try:
                     async with self._lock:
-                        if q in self._subscribers:
+                        if queue in self._subscribers:
-                            self._subscribers.remove(q)
+                            self._subscribers.remove(queue)
                 except Exception:
                     pass
 
     def sync_publish(self, msg: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
-        """
+        """Thread-safe wrapper that schedules `publish` on the broadcaster loop."""
-        Thread-safe publish method: schedule publish(msg) on the broadcaster's loop.
-        Safe to call from other threads / event loops.
-
-        We schedule creation of the publish task on the broadcaster loop using
-        call_soon_threadsafe so that publish() runs on the correct loop.
-        """
         if self._closed:
             return
 
         try:
-            # schedule the coroutine to run on the broadcaster loop
             self._loop.call_soon_threadsafe(asyncio.create_task, self.publish(msg))
         except Exception as exc:
-            # swallow errors but log for debugging
             logger.exception("sync_publish failed to schedule publish: %s", exc)
 
     async def close(self) -> None:
-        """
+        """Close the broadcaster and clear queued messages."""
-        Close the broadcaster: mark closed, clear subscribers, and drain queues.
-        """
         self._closed = True
         if self._lock is None:
             return
+
         async with self._lock:
-            subs = list(self._subscribers)
+            subscribers = list(self._subscribers)
             self._subscribers.clear()
 
-        for q in subs:
+        for queue in subscribers:
             try:
-                # optionally notify subscribers of closure by putting None (client must handle)
+                while not queue.empty():
-                # q.put_nowait(None)
+                    queue.get_nowait()
-                while not q.empty():
-                    try:
-                        q.get_nowait()
-                    except Exception:
-                        break
             except Exception:
                 pass

frontend/src/api/apiClient.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-// src/apiClient.ts
 import axios from 'axios';
+
 import { CreateRuleRequest, ExecResult, RulesetModel } from '../types/firewall';
 import {
   BridgeCreateRequest,
@@ -36,22 +36,14 @@ export const api = axios.create({
   timeout: 20000,
 });
 
-// Normalize FastAPI errors here
 api.interceptors.response.use(
   (response) => response,
   (error) => {
-    // FastAPI HTTPException format
     const detail = error?.response?.data?.detail ?? error?.response?.data?.message ?? error.message ?? 'Unknown error';
-
-    // Always reject with a standard Error
     return Promise.reject(new Error(detail));
   },
 );
 
-/* -------------------------
-   Basic endpoints
-   ------------------------- */
-
 export const fetchHello = async (): Promise<any> => {
   const res = await api.get('/hello');
   return res.data;
@@ -62,10 +54,6 @@ export const fetchVersions = async (): Promise<any> => {
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/* -------------------------
-   Network queries (existing)
-   ------------------------- */
-
 export const fetchInterfaces = async (): Promise<InterfaceInfo[]> => {
   const res = await api.get<InterfaceInfo[]>('/network/interfaces');
   return res.data;
@@ -101,150 +89,84 @@ export const removeBridge = async (req: BridgeRemoveRequest) => {
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/* -------------------------
-   Sniffer
-   ------------------------- */
-
-/**
- * Start a sniffer session. Provide exactly one of { bridge, interface }.
- * Returns a session_id that you can use to stop the session later.
- */
 export const startSniffer = async (payload: SnifferStartRequest): Promise<SnifferStartResponse> => {
   const res = await api.post<SnifferStartResponse>('/sniffer/start', payload);
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/**
- * Stop sniffer(s).
- * - If you pass a body with { session_id }, it will stop that specific session.
- * - If you call without body and without query params, it will stop all sessions.
- */
 export const stopSniffer = async (body?: SnifferStopRequest): Promise<SnifferStopResponse> => {
   const res = await api.post<SnifferStopResponse>('/sniffer/stop', body ?? {});
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/**
- * Stop sniffing for a specific interface across sessions.
- * Calls: POST /sniffer/stop?interface=eth0 (empty body)
- */
 export const stopSnifferByInterface = async (iface: string): Promise<SnifferStopResponse> => {
   const res = await api.post<SnifferStopResponse>(`/sniffer/stop?interface=${encodeURIComponent(iface)}`, {});
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/**
- * Stop sniffing for a specific bridge across sessions.
- * Calls: POST /sniffer/stop?bridge=br0 (empty body)
- */
 export const stopSnifferByBridge = async (bridge: string): Promise<SnifferStopResponse> => {
   const res = await api.post<SnifferStopResponse>(`/sniffer/stop?bridge=${encodeURIComponent(bridge)}`, {});
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/**
- * Fetch the sniffer status (per-interface).
- */
 export const fetchSnifferStatus = async (): Promise<SnifferStatusResponse> => {
   const res = await api.get<SnifferStatusResponse>('/sniffer/status');
   return res.data;
 };
-/* -------------------------
-   Packets
-   ------------------------- */
 
 export const fetchPackets = async (limit = 100): Promise<any> => {
-  // limit default mirrors OpenAPI default
   const res = await api.get('/packets/packets', { params: { limit } });
   return res.data;
 };
 
 export const clearPackets = async (): Promise<any> => {
-  // limit default mirrors OpenAPI default
   const res = await api.delete('/packets/packets');
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/* -------------------------
-   Firewall
-   ------------------------- */
-
-/**
- * GET /firewall/rules
- * Returns: { ruleset: RulesetModel | string | null }
- * - If the server returns a raw textual fallback (string), the caller should handle it.
- */
 export const fetchRuleset = async (): Promise<{ ruleset: RulesetModel }> => {
   const res = await api.get<{ ruleset: RulesetModel }>('/firewall/rules');
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/**
- * DELETE /firewall/rules/{handle}?family=...&table=...&chain=...
- * On success the backend returns 204 No Content. This function resolves to void.
- */
 export const deleteRule = async (handle: number, family: string, table: string, chain: string): Promise<void> => {
   const res = await api.delete(`/firewall/rules/${encodeURIComponent(String(handle))}`, {
     params: { family, table, chain },
   });
-  // axios resolves non-2xx as reject; server uses 204 No Content so nothing to return
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/**
- * createRuleJson - POST /firewall/rules
- * Body: CreateRuleRequest (must include expr)
- */
 export const createRuleJson = async (req: CreateRuleRequest): Promise<ExecResult> => {
   const res = await api.post<ExecResult>('/firewall/rules', req);
   return res.data;
 };
 
 export const execFirewallRaw = async (cmd: string): Promise<ExecResult> => {
-  const res = await api.post<ExecResult>('/firewall/raw', { cmd: cmd });
+  const res = await api.post<ExecResult>('/firewall/raw', { cmd });
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/* -------------------------
-   Scripts
-   ------------------------- */
-
-/**
- * Fetch the combined scripts + status endpoint.
- * Returns a list of ScriptWithStatus entries.
- */
 export const fetchScriptsAll = async (): Promise<ScriptWithStatus[]> => {
   const res = await api.get<ScriptWithStatus[]>('/scripts/scripts');
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/**
- * Convenience: list only the basic ScriptInfo items (no mappings).
- * This uses the combined endpoint and maps to ScriptInfo[].
- */
 export const listScripts = async (): Promise<ScriptInfo[]> => {
   const all = await fetchScriptsAll();
-  return all.map((s) => ({ name: s.name, path: s.path }));
+  return all.map((script) => ({ name: script.name, path: script.path }));
 };
 
-/**
- * Get status/mappings for a single script by name.
- * Because the backend merged status into /scripts, we fetch that and filter.
- */
 export const fetchScriptStatusForName = async (name: string): Promise<StatusForNameResponse> => {
   const all = await fetchScriptsAll();
-  const found = all.find((s) => s.name === name);
+  const found = all.find((script) => script.name === name);
+
   if (!found) {
-    // If script not found we still return an empty mapping structure
     return { name, mappings: [] };
   }
+
   return { name: found.name, mappings: found.mappings || [] };
 };
 
-/**
- * Upload a script (multipart). If a requirements file is provided the backend
- * will run pip install and return pip output in the response (mandatory install).
- */
 export const uploadScript = async (opts: {
   name: string;
   script: File | Blob;
@@ -253,7 +175,10 @@ export const uploadScript = async (opts: {
   const fd = new FormData();
   fd.append('name', opts.name);
   fd.append('script', opts.script);
-  if (opts.requirements) fd.append('requirements', opts.requirements as Blob);
+
+  if (opts.requirements) {
+    fd.append('requirements', opts.requirements as Blob);
+  }
 
   const res = await api.post<ScriptUploadResponse>('/scripts/scripts', fd, {
     headers: { 'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data' },
@@ -261,71 +186,49 @@ export const uploadScript = async (opts: {
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/**
- * Download the script file as a Blob. Use this blob to create an object URL or read text.
- */
 export const downloadScript = async (name: string): Promise<Blob> => {
   const res = await api.get(`/scripts/scripts/${encodeURIComponent(name)}`, { responseType: 'blob' });
   return res.data as Blob;
 };
 
-/**
- * Download the requirements.txt for a script as a Blob.
- * Returns 404 if not present (axios will throw).
- */
 export const downloadRequirements = async (name: string): Promise<Blob> => {
   const res = await api.get(`/scripts/scripts/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/requirements`, { responseType: 'blob' });
   return res.data as Blob;
 };
 
-/**
- * Replace / upload requirements for a script. This endpoint ALWAYS runs pip install
- * and will return pip stdout/stderr on success. On pip failure the backend returns 500.
- *
- * Use multipart/form-data so Swagger UI shows a file picker (backend expects UploadFile).
- */
 export const uploadRequirements = async (
   name: string,
   requirements: File | Blob,
 ): Promise<RequirementsUploadResult> => {
   const fd = new FormData();
   fd.append('requirements', requirements);
+
   const res = await api.put<RequirementsUploadResult>(`/scripts/scripts/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/requirements`, fd, {
     headers: { 'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data' },
   });
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/**
- * Delete only the requirements file and attempt to clean up the venv.
- * Returns summary `{ removed: { requirements_removed, venv_removed }, errors? }`.
- */
 export const deleteRequirements = async (name: string): Promise<RequirementsDeleteResult> => {
   const res = await api.delete<RequirementsDeleteResult>(`/scripts/scripts/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/requirements`);
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/**
- * Delete a script (and its files / venv). If qnum provided only remove that unit.
- */
 export const deleteScript = async (name: string, qnum?: number | null): Promise<DeleteResult> => {
   const params: Record<string, any> = {};
-  if (typeof qnum !== 'undefined' && qnum !== null) params.qnum = qnum;
+  if (typeof qnum !== 'undefined' && qnum !== null) {
+    params.qnum = qnum;
+  }
+
   const res = await api.delete<DeleteResult>(`/scripts/scripts/${encodeURIComponent(name)}`, { params });
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/**
- * Enable a script (creates + starts a systemd unit). Returns OperationResult including service name.
- */
 export const enableScript = async (name: string, req: EnableRequest): Promise<OperationResult> => {
   const res = await api.post<OperationResult>(`/scripts/scripts/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/enable`, req);
   return res.data;
 };
 
-/**
- * Disable a script unit (POST with qnum as query param). Returns OperationResult.
- */
 export const disableScript = async (name: string, qnum: number): Promise<OperationResult> => {
   const res = await api.post<OperationResult>(`/scripts/scripts/${encodeURIComponent(name)}/disable`, null, {
     params: { qnum },

frontend/src/appRouter.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-// src/AppRouter.tsx
 import { Navigate, Route, Routes } from 'react-router-dom';
-import App from './App'; // your layout component (has <Outlet />)
+
+import App from './App';
 import { Firewall } from './pages/Firewall';
 import Home from './pages/Home';
 import Network from './pages/Network';
@@ -8,34 +8,27 @@ import Scripting from './pages/Scripting';
 import Sniffing from './pages/Sniffing';
 import { PATHS } from './routes';
 
+function NotFound() {
+  return (
+    <div style={{ padding: 16 }}>
+      <h2>404 - Not Found</h2>
+      <p>The requested page does not exist.</p>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
 export default function AppRouter() {
   return (
     <Routes>
-      {/* App is the top-level layout; Outlet renders the active child route */}
       <Route path={PATHS.ROOT} element={<App />}>
-        {/* When the user hits '/', redirect to '/home' */}
         <Route index element={<Navigate to={PATHS.HOME} replace />} />
-
-        {/* Child routes - these render inside App's <Outlet /> */}
         <Route path={PATHS.HOME.slice(1)} element={<Home />} />
         <Route path={PATHS.NETWORK.slice(1)} element={<Network />} />
         <Route path={PATHS.SNIFFING.slice(1)} element={<Sniffing />} />
         <Route path={PATHS.SCRIPTING.slice(1)} element={<Scripting />} />
         <Route path={PATHS.FIREWALL.slice(1)} element={<Firewall />} />
-
-        {/* Fallback (renders inside layout too) */}
         <Route path="*" element={<NotFound />} />
       </Route>
     </Routes>
   );
 }
-
-/** simple 404 rendered inside the layout */
-function NotFound() {
-  return (
-    <div style={{ padding: 16 }}>
-      <h2>404 – Not Found</h2>
-      <p>The requested page does not exist.</p>
-    </div>
-  );
-}

frontend/src/components/FireWallAddChainModal.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-// src/components/AddChainModal.tsx
 import { CopyOutlined } from '@ant-design/icons';
 import {
   Alert,
@@ -67,12 +66,10 @@ export default function FirewallAddChainModal({
 
   const isPrefilled = Boolean(table?.family && table?.name);
 
-  // init form values when modal opens or table prop changes
   useEffect(() => {
     form.setFieldsValue({
       family: table?.family ?? 'bridge',
       tableName: table?.name ?? 'filter',
-      // Do not override chainName if the user has typed it previously
       type: 'filter',
       hook: 'forward',
       priority: 0,
@@ -111,7 +108,6 @@ export default function FirewallAddChainModal({
     }
   }
 
-  // Build add chain command — respects provided values or live form values
   function buildCommands(values?: any): string[] {
     const vals = values ?? form.getFieldsValue();
 
@@ -128,7 +124,6 @@ export default function FirewallAddChainModal({
           : 0;
     const policy = vals.policy ?? '';
 
-    // chain name: prefer explicit chainName else fallback to hook (less ideal) else 'mychain'
     const chain = hook;
 
     const policyPart = policy ? ` policy ${policy} ;` : '';
@@ -136,7 +131,6 @@ export default function FirewallAddChainModal({
     return [cmd];
   }
 
-  // Execute commands sequentially
   async function executeCommands(cmds: string[]) {
     setRunning(true);
     setResults([]);
@@ -156,24 +150,19 @@ export default function FirewallAddChainModal({
     setResults(acc);
     setRunning(false);
 
-    // refresh ruleset shown in modal
     try {
       await refreshRuleset();
     } catch {
-      /* ignored, refreshRuleset already notified on failure */
     }
 
     const hadError = acc.some((r) => r.err);
     if (!hadError) {
-      // success notification inside the modal (not global refresh notification)
       notification.success({
         message: 'Chain created',
         description: 'Chain created and ruleset refreshed locally in the modal.',
         duration: 4,
       });
 
-      // Inform parent that a resource was created.
-      // Parent can decide whether to refresh and whether to show a notification.
       onClose?.(true);
       if (onSuccess) onSuccess();
     } else {
@@ -219,13 +208,11 @@ export default function FirewallAddChainModal({
               type="primary"
               onClick={async () => {
                 try {
-                  // validate name fields: chainName required; if not prefilled, tableName & family required
                   const requiredFields = ['chainName'];
                   if (!isPrefilled) requiredFields.push('tableName', 'family');
                   await form.validateFields(requiredFields as any);
                   setStep(1);
                 } catch {
-                  // AntD will show validation messages; no extra handling required
                 }
               }}
             >
@@ -264,7 +251,7 @@ export default function FirewallAddChainModal({
       footer={renderFooter()}
       destroyOnClose
     >
-      {/* Step 0: Form */}
+      
       {step === 0 && (
         <div>
           {rulesetEmpty && (
@@ -284,7 +271,7 @@ export default function FirewallAddChainModal({
             }}
           >
             <Row gutter={12}>
-              {/* family & table: show inputs only when not provided via props */}
+              
               <Col span={8}>
                 {isPrefilled ? (
                   <Form.Item label="Family">
@@ -363,7 +350,7 @@ export default function FirewallAddChainModal({
         </div>
       )}
 
-      {/* Step 1: Preview & Results */}
+      
       {step === 1 && (
         <>
           <Card title="Command preview" style={{ marginBottom: 12 }}>

frontend/src/components/FireWallAddTableModal.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-// src/components/FirewallManager.tsx
 import { Button, Card, Col, Form, Input, Modal, Row, Select, Space, Spin, Typography, notification } from 'antd';
 import { ReactElement, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
 import { execFirewallRaw, fetchRuleset } from '../api/apiClient';
@@ -42,7 +41,6 @@ export default function FirewallAddTableModal({ open, onClose, startOnPreview =
   const [results, setResults] = useState<CmdResult[]>([]);
   const [selectedFamily, setSelectedFamily] = useState<string>('bridge');
 
-  // initialize and refresh when modal opens
   useEffect(() => {
     form.setFieldsValue({
       family: 'bridge',
@@ -70,7 +68,6 @@ export default function FirewallAddTableModal({ open, onClose, startOnPreview =
         setRulesetEmpty(false);
       }
     } catch (err: any) {
-      // use notification instead of message
       notification.warning({
         message: 'Could not load ruleset',
         description: err?.message ?? String(err),
@@ -82,14 +79,12 @@ export default function FirewallAddTableModal({ open, onClose, startOnPreview =
     }
   }
 
-  // Build commands: only create table
   function buildCommands(values: any): string[] {
     const family = (values.family ?? 'bridge').trim();
     const table = (values.tableName ?? 'filter').trim();
     return [`add table ${family} ${table}`];
   }
 
-  // Execute commands sequentially
   async function executeCommands(cmds: string[]) {
     setRunning(true);
     setResults([]);
@@ -109,16 +104,13 @@ export default function FirewallAddTableModal({ open, onClose, startOnPreview =
     setResults(acc);
     setRunning(false);
 
-    // refresh ruleset after running
     try {
       await refreshRuleset();
     } catch {
-      // ignore — refreshRuleset handles notifications on error
     }
 
     const hadError = acc.some((r) => r.err);
     if (!hadError) {
-      // success -> notify briefly and inform parent that a resource was created
       notification.success({
         message: 'Table created',
         description: 'Table was created and ruleset has been refreshed locally in the modal.',
@@ -126,7 +118,6 @@ export default function FirewallAddTableModal({ open, onClose, startOnPreview =
       });
       onClose?.(true); // signal parent to refresh and close modal
     } else {
-      // error -> open results view and show notification
       notification.error({
         message: 'Some commands returned errors',
         description: 'See execution results below for details.',
@@ -153,7 +144,6 @@ export default function FirewallAddTableModal({ open, onClose, startOnPreview =
             <Button
               type="primary"
               onClick={() => {
-                // validate form before preview
                 form
                   .validateFields()
                   .then(() => setStep(1))
@@ -181,7 +171,6 @@ export default function FirewallAddTableModal({ open, onClose, startOnPreview =
     );
   }
 
-  // show spinner while checking ruleset
   if (localLoadingRuleset) {
     return (
       <Modal title="Create Table" open={open} onCancel={() => onClose?.(false)} footer={null} width={700}>
@@ -201,7 +190,7 @@ export default function FirewallAddTableModal({ open, onClose, startOnPreview =
       footer={renderFooter()}
       destroyOnClose
     >
-      {/* Step 0: minimal form */}
+      
       {step === 0 && (
         <div>
           <Form
@@ -238,7 +227,7 @@ export default function FirewallAddTableModal({ open, onClose, startOnPreview =
         </div>
       )}
 
-      {/* Step 1: preview + results */}
+      
       {step === 1 && (
         <>
           <Card title="Command preview" style={{ marginBottom: 12 }}>

frontend/src/components/FirewallRuleBuilder.tsx

@@ -1,14 +1,3 @@
-// src/components/RuleBuilder.tsx
-//
-// Extended RuleBuilder using the user's canonical match list:
-// 1) Metadata & Connection Tracking (meta, ct)
-// 2) Layer 3 Network Headers (ip, ip6)
-// 3) Layer 4 Transport Headers (tcp, udp, icmp) — appear when chosen
-// 4) Layer 2 Ethernet & VLAN (ether, vlan)
-//
-// The UI provides rich dropdowns / placeholders / short explanations for every token subfield.
-//
-// NOTE: This file replaces the token lists and per-field UI to strictly follow the user's canonical list.
 
 import { PlusOutlined } from '@ant-design/icons';
 import {
@@ -38,9 +27,6 @@ const { Title, Text } = Typography;
 
 type FormValues = Record<string, any>;
 
-/* ----------------------
-   Token types (canonical per user)
-   ---------------------- */
 type TokenType =
   | 'meta'
   | 'ct'
@@ -59,642 +45,10 @@ type TokenType =
   | 'nat'
   | 'queue';
 
-/* ----------------------
-   TOKEN_FIELD_OPTIONS
-   Each token lists allowed subfields (exactly the fields from the user's canonical list).
-   The `kind` tells the UI which input widget to show (number, enum, string).
-   ---------------------- */
 const TOKEN_FIELD_OPTIONS: Record<
   TokenType,
   Array<{ value: string; label: string; kind?: 'string' | 'number' | 'enum' }>
-> = {
+> = 
-  /* 1) Metadata & Connection Tracking */
-  meta: [
-    { value: 'iifname', label: 'iifname (input interface)', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'oifname', label: 'oifname (output interface)', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'l4proto', label: 'l4proto (protocol L4)', kind: 'enum' }, // tcp/udp/icmp/...
-    { value: 'day', label: 'day (day of week)', kind: 'enum' },
-    { value: 'hour', label: 'hour (hour of day/range)', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'pkttype', label: 'pkttype (packet type)', kind: 'enum' },
-    { value: 'mark', label: 'mark (packet mark)', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'skuid', label: 'skuid (socket UID)', kind: 'number' },
-    { value: 'skgid', label: 'skgid (socket GID)', kind: 'number' },
-  ],
-  ct: [
-    { value: 'state', label: 'state (ct state)', kind: 'enum' },
-    { value: 'direction', label: 'direction (original/reply)', kind: 'enum' },
-    { value: 'status', label: 'status', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'mark', label: 'mark (conntrack mark)', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'expiration', label: 'expiration', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'helper', label: 'helper', kind: 'string' },
-  ],
-
-  /* 2) Layer 3: Network Headers */
-  ip: [
-    { value: 'saddr', label: 'saddr (source IPv4)', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'daddr', label: 'daddr (destination IPv4)', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'protocol', label: 'protocol (L4) — alias to l4proto', kind: 'enum' },
-    { value: 'dscp', label: 'dscp (DSCP)', kind: 'enum' },
-    { value: 'ttl', label: 'ttl (time to live)', kind: 'number' },
-    { value: 'frag-off', label: 'frag-off (fragment bits)', kind: 'string' },
-  ],
-  ip6: [
-    { value: 'saddr', label: 'saddr (source IPv6)', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'daddr', label: 'daddr (destination IPv6)', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'nexthdr', label: 'nexthdr (protocol / next header)', kind: 'enum' },
-    { value: 'dscp', label: 'dscp (DSCP)', kind: 'enum' },
-    { value: 'hoplimit', label: 'hoplimit (IPv6 hop limit)', kind: 'number' },
-    { value: 'flowlabel', label: 'flowlabel', kind: 'number' },
-  ],
-
-  /* 3) Layer 4: Transport Headers (appear only when token type tcp/udp/icmp is chosen) */
-  tcp: [
-    { value: 'sport', label: 'sport (source port)', kind: 'number' },
-    { value: 'dport', label: 'dport (destination port)', kind: 'number' },
-    { value: 'flags', label: 'flags (tcp flags bitmask)', kind: 'enum' },
-  ],
-  udp: [
-    { value: 'sport', label: 'sport (source port)', kind: 'number' },
-    { value: 'dport', label: 'dport (destination port)', kind: 'number' },
-  ],
-  icmp: [
-    { value: 'type', label: 'type (icmp type)', kind: 'enum' },
-    { value: 'code', label: 'code (icmp code)', kind: 'enum' },
-  ],
-
-  /* 4) Layer 2: Ethernet & VLAN */
-  ether: [
-    { value: 'saddr', label: 'saddr (src MAC)', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'daddr', label: 'daddr (dst MAC)', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'type', label: 'type (ethertype)', kind: 'enum' },
-  ],
-  vlan: [
-    { value: 'id', label: 'id (VLAN ID)', kind: 'number' },
-    // CFI/DEI and PCP exist but user's list specified only VLAN ID; add PCP & DEI as optional helpers:
-    { value: 'pcp', label: 'pcp (priority code point)', kind: 'number' },
-    { value: 'cfi', label: 'cfi / DEI (drop eligible)', kind: 'number' },
-  ],
-
-  /* leftovers and statements */
-  payload: [{ value: 'payload', label: 'payload(protocol.field)', kind: 'string' }],
-  raw: [{ value: 'raw', label: 'raw text', kind: 'string' }],
-  counter: [{ value: 'counter', label: 'counter', kind: 'string' }],
-  limit: [{ value: 'limit', label: 'limit (rate)', kind: 'string' }],
-  log: [{ value: 'log', label: 'log', kind: 'string' }],
-  nat: [
-    { value: 'dnat', label: 'dnat to', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'snat', label: 'snat to', kind: 'string' },
-    { value: 'masquerade', label: 'masquerade', kind: 'string' },
-  ],
-  queue: [{ value: 'queue', label: 'queue num', kind: 'string' }],
-};
-
-/* ----------------------
-   ENUM_VALUES (dropdown contents)
-   Keep these aligned with the user's canonical lists.
-   ---------------------- */
-const ENUM_VALUES: Record<string, string[]> = {
-  l4proto: ['tcp', 'udp', 'icmp', 'icmpv6', 'igmp', 'esp', 'ah'],
-  days: ['Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday', 'Friday', 'Saturday', 'Sunday'],
-  pkttype: ['unicast', 'multicast', 'broadcast', 'other'],
-  ct_state: ['new', 'established', 'related', 'invalid', 'untracked'],
-  ct_direction: ['original', 'reply'],
-  // ICMP message *types* (used for e.g. echo-request/echo-reply)
-  icmp_types: ['echo-request', 'echo-reply', 'destination-unreachable'],
-  // IPv4 reject *reasons* (ICMPv4 codes / textual reasons used with `reject with icmp type <reason>`)
-  icmpv4_reasons: [
-    'net-unreachable',
-    'host-unreachable',
-    'prot-unreachable',
-    'port-unreachable', // default
-    'net-prohibited',
-    'host-prohibited',
-    'admin-prohibited',
-  ],
-  // IPv6 reject reasons (ICMPv6 textual reasons)
-  icmpv6_reasons: ['no-route', 'admin-prohibited', 'addr-unreachable', 'port-unreachable'],
-  dscp_values: [
-    'cs0',
-    'cs1',
-    'cs2',
-    'cs3',
-    'cs4',
-    'cs5',
-    'cs6',
-    'cs7',
-    'af11',
-    'af12',
-    'af13',
-    'af21',
-    'af22',
-    'af23',
-    'af31',
-    'af32',
-    'af33',
-    'af41',
-    'af42',
-    'af43',
-    'ef',
-  ],
-  tcp_flags: ['fin', 'syn', 'rst', 'psh', 'ack', 'urg', 'ece', 'cwr'],
-  ethertypes: ['ip', 'ip6', 'arp', 'vlan', 'loopback'],
-  // top-level reject types used in select control. Note `icmpv6` spelled out.
-  reject_types: ['icmp', 'icmpv6', 'icmpx', 'tcp-reset'],
-};
-
-/* ----------------------
-   tokenToText: produce nft textual representation from token value
-   (keeps command generation consistent with the UI)
-   ---------------------- */
-function tokenToText(token: any): string {
-  if (!token || !token.type) return '';
-  const t = token.type as TokenType;
-  const d = token.data || {};
-
-  // META
-  if (t === 'meta') {
-    const f = d.field;
-    if (!f) return '';
-    // special formatting: meta l4proto <proto>
-    if (f === 'l4proto') {
-      return `meta l4proto ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-    }
-    if (f === 'iifname' || f === 'oifname') {
-      return `meta ${f} ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-    }
-    if (f === 'day') {
-      return `meta day ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-    }
-    if (f === 'hour') {
-      return `meta hour ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-    }
-    if (f === 'pkttype') {
-      return `meta pkttype ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-    }
-    if (f === 'mark') {
-      return `meta mark ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-    }
-    if (f === 'skuid' || f === 'skgid') {
-      return `meta ${f} ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-    }
-    return `meta ${f} ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-  }
-
-  // CT
-  if (t === 'ct') {
-    const f = d.field;
-    if (!f) return '';
-    return `ct ${f} ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-  }
-
-  // IP/IPv6
-  if (t === 'ip' || t === 'ip6') {
-    const f = d.field;
-    if (!f) return '';
-    // saddr/daddr: allow CIDR/list/range raw text
-    return `${t} ${f} ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-  }
-
-  // Transport protocols
-  if (t === 'tcp' || t === 'udp') {
-    const f = d.field;
-    if (!f) return t;
-    if (f === 'dport' || f === 'sport') {
-      return `${t} ${f} ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-    }
-    if (f === 'flags') {
-      // flags could be array or comma-separated
-      const vals = Array.isArray(d.value)
-        ? d.value
-        : String(d.value ?? '')
-            .split(',')
-            .map((s: string) => s.trim())
-            .filter(Boolean);
-      if (vals.length === 0) return t;
-      // render as: tcp flags { syn, ack }
-      return `${t} flags { ${vals.join(', ')} }`;
-    }
-    return `${t} ${f} ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-  }
-
-  if (t === 'icmp') {
-    const f = d.field;
-    if (!f) return 'icmp';
-    return `icmp ${f} ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-  }
-
-  // ETHER
-  if (t === 'ether') {
-    const f = d.field;
-    if (!f) return '';
-    return `ether ${f} ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-  }
-
-  // VLAN
-  if (t === 'vlan') {
-    const f = d.field;
-    if (!f) return 'vlan';
-    return `vlan ${f} ${String(d.value ?? '')}`.trim();
-  }
-
-  // Statements
-  if (t === 'counter') {
-    if (d.packets || d.bytes) {
-      return `counter${d.packets ? ` packets ${d.packets}` : ''}${d.bytes ? ` bytes ${d.bytes}` : ''}`.trim();
-    }
-    return 'counter';
-  }
-  if (t === 'limit') {
-    const r = d.rate ?? d.value;
-    return r ? `limit rate ${r}` : 'limit';
-  }
-  if (t === 'log') {
-    const parts: string[] = [];
-    if (d.level) parts.push(`level ${d.level}`);
-    if (d.group) parts.push(`group ${d.group}`);
-    if (d.snaplen) parts.push(`snaplen ${d.snaplen}`);
-    if (d.prefix) parts.push(`prefix "${d.prefix}"`);
-    return parts.length ? `log ${parts.join(' ')}` : 'log';
-  }
-  if (t === 'nat') {
-    if (d.kind === 'dnat' && d.to) return `dnat to ${d.to}`;
-    if (d.kind === 'snat' && d.to) return `snat to ${d.to}`;
-    if (d.kind === 'masquerade') return d.to ? `masquerade to ${d.to}` : 'masquerade';
-    return 'nat';
-  }
-  if (t === 'queue') {
-    if (d.num) {
-      // allow optional extra token words following queue num, e.g. "queue num 1 bypass"
-      const extra = d.extra ? ` ${String(d.extra)}` : '';
-      return `queue num ${d.num}${extra}`.trim();
-    }
-    return 'queue';
-  }
-  if (t === 'raw') {
-    return String(d.text ?? '').trim();
-  }
-  if (t === 'payload') {
-    if (d.value) return `payload(${d.value})`;
-    return 'payload';
-  }
-
-  return '';
-}
-
-/* ----------------------
-   generateCommandFromValues (build textual + final nft add/insert)
-   ---------------------- */
-function generateCommandFromValues(values: FormValues) {
-  const tokens = Array.isArray(values.tokens) ? values.tokens : [];
-  const parts: string[] = [];
-
-  for (const t of tokens) {
-    const txt = tokenToText(t);
-    if (txt) parts.push(txt);
-  }
-
-  if (values.advanced && typeof values.advanced === 'string' && values.advanced.trim() !== '') {
-    parts.push(values.advanced.trim());
-  }
-
-  // Build queue text for NFQUEUE action or queue token
-  if (values.action === 'nfqueue' || values.action === 'queue') {
-    const qnum = values.nfqueue ?? values.queue ?? 1;
-    const bypass = values.nfqueue_bypass ? ' bypass' : '';
-    const queueText = `queue num ${Number(qnum)}${bypass}`;
-    const combined = parts.join(' ');
-    if (!/\bqueue(?:\s+num)?\b/i.test(combined)) {
-      parts.push(queueText);
-    } else {
-      for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
-        if (/\bqueue(?:\s+num)?\b/i.test(parts[i])) {
-          parts[i] = queueText;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Build action/reject/nfqueue textual suffix
-  let actionText: string | null = null;
-  if (values.action === 'accept' || values.action === 'drop') {
-    actionText = values.action;
-  } else if (values.action === 'reject') {
-    // reject requires a rejectType (form enforces it)
-    const rtype = values.rejectType;
-    if (!rtype) {
-      actionText = 'reject'; // fallback, though form validation should prevent this
-    } else if (rtype === 'tcp-reset') {
-      // nft "reject with tcp reset"
-      actionText = 'reject with tcp reset';
-    } else if (rtype === 'icmp') {
-      // IPv4: "reject with icmp type <reason>"
-      const reason = values.rejectIcmpReason || '';
-      actionText = reason ? `reject with icmp type ${reason}` : 'reject';
-    } else if (rtype === 'icmpv6') {
-      // IPv6: "reject with icmpv6 type <reason>"
-      const reason = values.rejectIcmp6Reason || '';
-      actionText = reason ? `reject with icmpv6 type ${reason}` : 'reject';
-    } else if (rtype === 'icmpx') {
-      // inet family abstraction (icmpx)
-      const reason = values.rejectIcmpxReason || '';
-      actionText = reason ? `reject with icmpx type ${reason}` : 'reject';
-    } else {
-      actionText = 'reject';
-    }
-  } else if (values.action === 'nfqueue') {
-    // NFQUEUE action is represented by queue token above; no extra action verb
-    actionText = null;
-  }
-
-  const textual = (parts.join(' ') + (actionText ? ` ${actionText}` : '')).trim();
-
-  const tableSelect = values.tableSelect;
-  const chain = values.chainSelect || 'input';
-  const [family = 'inet', table = 'filter'] = tableSelect ? String(tableSelect).split(':') : ['inet', 'filter'];
-
-  const before = values.insertBeforeHandle;
-  const hasBefore = before != null && String(before) !== '';
-  const verb = hasBefore ? 'insert' : 'add';
-  const positionPart = hasBefore ? ` position ${before}` : '';
-
-  const cmd = `${verb} rule ${family} ${table} ${chain}${positionPart} ${textual}`.replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim();
-
-  return { cmd, textual, position: hasBefore ? Number(before) : undefined };
-}
-
-/* -------------------------
-   Component
-   ------------------------- */
-
-interface RuleBuilderProps {
-  onCreated?: () => Promise<void> | void;
-  tables?: TableOut[] | null;
-  rulesLoading?: boolean;
-  rulesError?: string | null;
-  refreshRules?: () => Promise<void>;
-  onRulesChange?: (tables: TableOut[]) => void;
-}
-
-export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps) => {
-  const [form] = Form.useForm();
-  const [cmdPreview, setCmdPreview] = useState('');
-  const [refreshing, setRefreshing] = useState(false);
-  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
-
-  const tableOptions = useMemo(
-    () => (props.tables || []).map((t) => ({ value: `${t.family}:${t.name}`, label: `${t.family}:${t.name}` })),
-    [props.tables],
-  );
-  const noTables = !(props.tables && props.tables.length > 0);
-
-  const [insertBeforeOptions, setInsertBeforeOptions] = useState<Array<{ value: any; label: string }>>([]);
-  const updateInsertOptions = useCallback(() => {
-    const ts = form.getFieldValue('tableSelect');
-    const cs = form.getFieldValue('chainSelect');
-    if (!ts || !cs) {
-      setInsertBeforeOptions([]);
-      return;
-    }
-    const [family, table] = String(ts).split(':');
-    const tbl = props.tables?.find((t) => t.family === family && t.name === table);
-    if (!tbl) {
-      setInsertBeforeOptions([]);
-      return;
-    }
-    const ch = (tbl.chains || []).find((c: ChainOut) => c.name === cs);
-    if (!ch || !Array.isArray(ch.rules)) {
-      setInsertBeforeOptions([]);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const opts = ch.rules
-      .filter((r: RuleOut) => r && r.handle != null)
-      .map((r: RuleOut) => ({
-        value: r.handle,
-        label: `#${r.handle} — ${r.text ?? (typeof r.expr === 'string' ? r.expr : JSON.stringify(r.expr || {}).slice(0, 120))}`,
-      }));
-    setInsertBeforeOptions(opts);
-  }, [form, props.tables]);
-
-  const previewTimerRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
-  const schedulePreviewUpdate = useCallback(() => {
-    if (previewTimerRef.current) window.clearTimeout(previewTimerRef.current);
-    previewTimerRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => {
-      const v = form.getFieldsValue();
-      const { cmd } = generateCommandFromValues(v);
-      setCmdPreview(cmd);
-      previewTimerRef.current = null;
-    }, 40);
-  }, [form]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (tableOptions.length > 0) {
-      const first = tableOptions[0].value;
-      form.setFieldsValue({
-        tableSelect: first,
-        action: 'drop',
-        nfqueue: 1,
-        nfqueue_bypass: false,
-        tokens: [],
-      });
-
-      const [f, n] = String(first).split(':');
-      const tbl = props.tables?.find((t) => t.family === f && t.name === n);
-      if (tbl && tbl.chains && tbl.chains.length > 0) {
-        form.setFieldsValue({ chainSelect: tbl.chains[0].name });
-      } else {
-        form.setFieldsValue({ chainSelect: undefined });
-      }
-
-      setTimeout(() => {
-        updateInsertOptions();
-        schedulePreviewUpdate();
-      }, 0);
-    } else {
-      form.setFieldsValue({
-        action: 'drop',
-        nfqueue: 1,
-        nfqueue_bypass: false,
-        tableSelect: undefined,
-        chainSelect: undefined,
-        tokens: [],
-      });
-      setInsertBeforeOptions([]);
-      setTimeout(() => schedulePreviewUpdate(), 0);
-    }
-    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
-  }, [props.tables, tableOptions.length]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    const cur = form.getFieldsValue();
-    if (cur.nfqueue == null) form.setFieldsValue({ nfqueue: 1 });
-    schedulePreviewUpdate();
-    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
-  }, []);
-
-  const onValuesChange = useCallback(
-    (_: any, allValues: FormValues) => {
-      if (allValues.action === 'nfqueue' && (allValues.nfqueue == null || allValues.nfqueue === '')) {
-        form.setFieldsValue({ nfqueue: 1 });
-        allValues.nfqueue = 1;
-      }
-
-      const ts = allValues.tableSelect;
-      if (ts) {
-        const [f, n] = String(ts).split(':');
-        const tbl = props.tables?.find((t) => t.family === f && t.name === n);
-        if (tbl) {
-          if (tbl.chains && tbl.chains.length > 0) {
-            if (!allValues.chainSelect) form.setFieldsValue({ chainSelect: tbl.chains[0].name });
-          } else {
-            form.setFieldsValue({ chainSelect: undefined });
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      updateInsertOptions();
-      schedulePreviewUpdate();
-    },
-    [form, props.tables, updateInsertOptions, schedulePreviewUpdate],
-  );
-
-  const handleCreate = useCallback(
-    async (values: FormValues) => {
-      try {
-        const validated = await form.validateFields();
-        const { cmd } = generateCommandFromValues(validated);
-        Modal.confirm({
-          title: 'Run raw nft command',
-          content: (
-            <div>
-              <Text>
-                About to run nft command in <b>{String(validated.tableSelect ?? 'inet:filter')}</b> (see preview).
-              </Text>
-              <Divider />
-              <Text strong>Command:</Text>
-              <pre style={{ whiteSpace: 'pre-wrap', marginTop: 8 }}>{cmd}</pre>
-            </div>
-          ),
-          okText: 'Run',
-          onOk: async () => {
-            setLoading(true);
-            try {
-              const out: ExecResult = await execFirewallRaw(cmd);
-              const stderrText = out?.stderr ? String(out.stderr).trim() : '';
-              if (stderrText) {
-                notification.error({
-                  message: 'Command produced Error',
-                  description: stderrText,
-                });
-              } else if (out && (out.rc === 0 || out.rc === -1)) {
-                notification.success({
-                  message: 'Command executed successfully',
-                });
-                if (props.refreshRules) await props.refreshRules();
-                if (props.onCreated) await props.onCreated();
-              } else {
-                const info = out
-                  ? `rc:${out.rc}` +
-                    (out.stdout ? ` stdout:${out.stdout}` : '') +
-                    (out.stderr ? ` stderr:${out.stderr}` : '')
-                  : 'unknown result';
-                notification.error({
-                  message: 'Command failed',
-                  description: info,
-                });
-              }
-            } catch (err: any) {
-              notification.error({
-                message: 'Execution failed',
-                description: err?.message ?? String(err),
-              });
-            } finally {
-              setLoading(false);
-            }
-          },
-        });
-      } catch (err) {
-        schedulePreviewUpdate();
-      }
-    },
-    [form, props.refreshRules, props.onCreated, schedulePreviewUpdate],
-  );
-
-  const chainOptions = useMemo(() => {
-    const ts = form.getFieldValue('tableSelect');
-    if (!ts) return [];
-    const [f, n] = String(ts).split(':');
-    const tbl = props.tables?.find((t) => t.family === f && t.name === n);
-    if (!tbl) return [];
-    return tbl.chains.map((c) => (
-      <Option key={c.name} value={c.name}>
-        {c.name}
-      </Option>
-    ));
-  }, [form, props.tables]);
-
-  const handleRefresh = useCallback(async () => {
-    setRefreshing(true);
-    try {
-      if (props.refreshRules) {
-        await props.refreshRules();
-        message.success('Rules refresh requested');
-      } else {
-        message.info('No refresh function provided by parent.');
-      }
-    } catch (err) {
-      console.warn('refresh failed', err);
-      message.error('Refresh failed');
-    } finally {
-      updateInsertOptions();
-      setRefreshing(false);
-    }
-  }, [props.refreshRules, updateInsertOptions]);
-
-  /* helper styles */
-  const tokenRowStyle: React.CSSProperties = {
-    display: 'flex',
-    gap: 8,
-    alignItems: 'center',
-    flexWrap: 'nowrap',
-    width: '100%',
-  };
-
-  const leftControlsStyle: React.CSSProperties = {
-    display: 'flex',
-    gap: 8,
-    alignItems: 'center',
-    minWidth: 72,
-    flex: '0 0 72px',
-  };
-
-  const typeSelectStyle: React.CSSProperties = { minWidth: 180, maxWidth: 260, flex: '0 0 220px' };
-  const fieldSelectStyle: React.CSSProperties = { minWidth: 160, maxWidth: 260, flex: '0 0 220px' };
-  const valueInputStyle: React.CSSProperties = { minWidth: 120, flex: '1 1 240px', maxWidth: '60%' };
-  const actionControlsStyle: React.CSSProperties = {
-    minWidth: 96,
-    flex: '0 0 96px',
-    display: 'flex',
-    justifyContent: 'flex-end',
-  };
-
-  return (
-    <Card title="Firewall Rule Builder" extra>
-      <Form
-        layout="vertical"
-        form={form}
-        initialValues={{
-          action: 'drop',
-          nfqueue: 1,
-          nfqueue_bypass: false,
-          tableSelect: tableOptions.length > 0 ? tableOptions[0].value : undefined,
-          tokens: [],
-        }}
-        onFinish={handleCreate}
-        onValuesChange={onValuesChange}
-      >
-        {/* Table / chain */}
         <Row gutter={16} align="middle">
           <Col xs={24} sm={12}>
             <Form.Item name="tableSelect" label="Table (family:name)" rules={[{ required: true }]}>
@@ -717,7 +71,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
           </Col>
         </Row>
 
-        {/* Insert before */}
+        
         <Row gutter={16} align="middle">
           <Col xs={24} sm={12}>
             <Form.Item
@@ -750,7 +104,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
 
         <Divider />
 
-        {/* Token builder header + add control */}
+        
         <Row align="middle" justify="space-between" style={{ marginBottom: 8 }}>
           <Col>
             <Text strong>Token builder</Text>
@@ -766,7 +120,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                   <Select
                     placeholder="Add token..."
                     onSelect={(val: TokenType) => {
-                      // sensible defaults per token type
                       const defaultData =
                         val === 'meta'
                           ? { field: 'iifname', value: '' }
@@ -823,7 +176,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
 
         <Divider />
 
-        {/* Tokens Form.List rendering */}
+        
         <Form.List name="tokens">
           {(fields, { remove, move }) =>
             fields.length === 0 ? (
@@ -842,7 +195,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                     </div>
 
                     <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: 8, alignItems: 'center', flex: 1, minWidth: 0 }}>
-                      {/* Token type select */}
+                      
                       <Form.Item name={[field.name, 'type']} style={{ marginBottom: 0 }}>
                         <Select style={typeSelectStyle}>
                           {Object.keys(TOKEN_FIELD_OPTIONS).map((k) => (
@@ -853,7 +206,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                         </Select>
                       </Form.Item>
 
-                      {/* Token field + value UI (depends on token type and subfield) */}
+                      
                       <Form.Item
                         shouldUpdate={(prev, cur) =>
                           prev.tokens?.[field.name]?.type !== cur.tokens?.[field.name]?.type ||
@@ -865,7 +218,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                           const tokenType = form.getFieldValue(['tokens', field.name, 'type']) as TokenType | undefined;
                           const options = tokenType ? TOKEN_FIELD_OPTIONS[tokenType] || [] : [];
 
-                          // COUNTER special-case
                           if (tokenType === 'counter') {
                             return (
                               <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: 8, alignItems: 'center', width: '100%' }}>
@@ -885,7 +237,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                             );
                           }
 
-                          // LIMIT special-case
                           if (tokenType === 'limit') {
                             return (
                               <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: 8, alignItems: 'center', width: '100%' }}>
@@ -903,7 +254,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                             );
                           }
 
-                          // LOG special-case
                           if (tokenType === 'log') {
                             return (
                               <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: 8, alignItems: 'center', width: '100%' }}>
@@ -941,7 +291,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                             );
                           }
 
-                          // QUEUE special-case inside token list (separate from NFQUEUE action)
                           if (tokenType === 'queue') {
                             return (
                               <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: 8, alignItems: 'center', width: '100%' }}>
@@ -961,7 +310,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                             );
                           }
 
-                          // NAT special-case
                           if (tokenType === 'nat') {
                             return (
                               <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: 8, alignItems: 'center', width: '100%' }}>
@@ -983,7 +331,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                             );
                           }
 
-                          // Generic tokens with subfield dropdown
                           if (options.length > 0) {
                             return (
                               <div
@@ -1017,9 +364,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                     const meta = opts.find((o) => o.value === selField);
                                     const kind = meta?.kind ?? 'string';
 
-                                    /* --- Field-specific UIs & helpers (placeholders + explanatory text) --- */
+                                    
-
-                                    // STRING typed helpers for interface names
                                     if (tType === 'meta' && (selField === 'iifname' || selField === 'oifname')) {
                                       return (
                                         <div>
@@ -1034,7 +379,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // L4PROTO dropdown for meta.l4proto
                                     if (tType === 'meta' && selField === 'l4proto') {
                                       return (
                                         <div>
@@ -1052,7 +396,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // Day of week (meta.day)
                                     if (tType === 'meta' && selField === 'day') {
                                       return (
                                         <div>
@@ -1072,7 +415,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // Hour range (meta.hour) — free text but show placeholder/range hint
                                     if (tType === 'meta' && selField === 'hour') {
                                       return (
                                         <div>
@@ -1087,7 +429,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // Packet type (meta.pkttype)
                                     if (tType === 'meta' && selField === 'pkttype') {
                                       return (
                                         <div>
@@ -1107,7 +448,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // Packet/conn mark
                                     if ((tType === 'meta' || tType === 'ct') && selField === 'mark') {
                                       return (
                                         <div>
@@ -1121,7 +461,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // skuid / skgid
                                     if (tType === 'meta' && (selField === 'skuid' || selField === 'skgid')) {
                                       return (
                                         <div>
@@ -1140,7 +479,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // CT state
                                     if (tType === 'ct' && selField === 'state') {
                                       return (
                                         <div>
@@ -1165,7 +503,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // CT direction
                                     if (tType === 'ct' && selField === 'direction') {
                                       return (
                                         <div>
@@ -1185,8 +522,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    /* --- IP / IP6 address helpers --- */
+                                                                        if (
-                                    if (
                                       (tType === 'ip' || tType === 'ip6') &&
                                       (selField === 'saddr' || selField === 'daddr')
                                     ) {
@@ -1214,7 +550,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // protocol / nexthdr / ip.protocol (L4 protocol): show l4proto list
                                     if (
                                       (tType === 'ip' && selField === 'protocol') ||
                                       (tType === 'ip6' && selField === 'nexthdr')
@@ -1238,7 +573,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // DSCP
                                     if ((tType === 'ip' || tType === 'ip6') && selField === 'dscp') {
                                       return (
                                         <div>
@@ -1258,7 +592,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // TTL / hoplimit numeric
                                     if (
                                       (tType === 'ip' && selField === 'ttl') ||
                                       (tType === 'ip6' && selField === 'hoplimit')
@@ -1278,7 +611,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // IP fragment bits (frag-off) — single string placeholder
                                     if (tType === 'ip' && selField === 'frag-off') {
                                       return (
                                         <div>
@@ -1292,9 +624,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    /* --- Transport: TCP/UDP/ICMP --- */
+                                    
-
-                                    // Ports: allow numeric or service name
                                     if (
                                       (tType === 'tcp' || tType === 'udp') &&
                                       (selField === 'dport' || selField === 'sport')
@@ -1311,7 +641,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // TCP flags multi-select
                                     if (tType === 'tcp' && selField === 'flags') {
                                       return (
                                         <div>
@@ -1335,7 +664,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // ICMP type/code dropdowns
                                     if (tType === 'icmp' && selField === 'type') {
                                       return (
                                         <div>
@@ -1374,8 +702,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    /* --- Layer 2: Ethernet / VLAN --- */
+                                    
-
                                     if (tType === 'ether') {
                                       if (selField === 'saddr' || selField === 'daddr') {
                                         return (
@@ -1408,7 +735,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       }
                                     }
 
-                                    // VLAN ID / PCP / CFI
                                     if (tType === 'vlan') {
                                       if (selField === 'id') {
                                         return (
@@ -1459,8 +785,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       }
                                     }
 
-                                    /* --- Payload / default free text input --- */
+                                                                        if (tType === 'payload' || (kind === 'string' && !selField)) {
-                                    if (tType === 'payload' || (kind === 'string' && !selField)) {
                                       return (
                                         <div>
                                           <Form.Item name={[field.name, 'data', 'value']} style={{ margin: 0 }}>
@@ -1474,7 +799,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                                       );
                                     }
 
-                                    // Default fallback free-text with helpful examples
                                     return (
                                       <div>
                                         <Form.Item name={[field.name, 'data', 'value']} style={{ margin: 0 }}>
@@ -1515,8 +839,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
 
         <Divider />
 
-        {/* Action + NFQUEUE + Reject options: render action radios, then render
+        
-            reject subform and nfqueue subform directly under it (same column) */}
         <Row gutter={16} align="top">
           <Col xs={24} sm={12}>
             <Form.Item name="action" label="Action / verdict" rules={[{ required: true }]}>
@@ -1528,7 +851,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
               </Radio.Group>
             </Form.Item>
 
-            {/* Reject options (render under radios, same column) */}
+            
             <Form.Item shouldUpdate={(prev, cur) => prev.action !== cur.action} noStyle>
               {() =>
                 form.getFieldValue('action') === 'reject' ? (
@@ -1547,7 +870,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                       </Select>
                     </Form.Item>
 
-                    {/* IPv4 reject reasons */}
+                    
                     <Form.Item shouldUpdate={(prev, cur) => prev.rejectType !== cur.rejectType} noStyle>
                       {() =>
                         form.getFieldValue('rejectType') === 'icmp' ? (
@@ -1572,7 +895,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                       }
                     </Form.Item>
 
-                    {/* IPv6 reject reasons */}
+                    
                     <Form.Item shouldUpdate={(prev, cur) => prev.rejectType !== cur.rejectType} noStyle>
                       {() =>
                         form.getFieldValue('rejectType') === 'icmpv6' ? (
@@ -1597,7 +920,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                       }
                     </Form.Item>
 
-                    {/* icmpx (inet) */}
+                    
                     <Form.Item shouldUpdate={(prev, cur) => prev.rejectType !== cur.rejectType} noStyle>
                       {() =>
                         form.getFieldValue('rejectType') === 'icmpx' ? (
@@ -1628,7 +951,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
               }
             </Form.Item>
 
-            {/* NFQUEUE options (now rendered under radios in same column) */}
+            
             <Form.Item shouldUpdate={(prev, cur) => prev.action !== cur.action} noStyle>
               {() =>
                 form.getFieldValue('action') === 'nfqueue' ? (
@@ -1648,7 +971,6 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
                     <Form.Item name="nfqueue_bypass" valuePropName="checked">
                       <Checkbox
                         onChange={() => {
-                          // update preview immediately
                           schedulePreviewUpdate();
                         }}
                       >
@@ -1665,7 +987,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
             </Form.Item>
           </Col>
 
-          {/* right column is free for notes / quick helpers */}
+          
           <Col xs={24} sm={12}>
             <Text type="secondary">
               Use NFQUEUE to hand packets to userspace. Full reject support requires kernel &gt;= 3.18 — when using
@@ -1674,7 +996,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
           </Col>
         </Row>
 
-        {/* advanced text */}
+        
         <Row>
           <Col span={24}>
             <Form.Item name="advanced" label="Advanced (optional)">
@@ -1688,7 +1010,7 @@ export const RuleBuilder: React.FC<RuleBuilderProps> = (props: RuleBuilderProps)
 
         <Divider />
 
-        {/* preview + run */}
+        
         <Form.Item>
           <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: 12, alignItems: 'center', width: '100%' }}>
             <div style={{ flex: 1 }}>

frontend/src/components/FirewallRulesetViewer.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-// src/components/FirewallTables.tsx
 import { ArrowDownOutlined, DeleteOutlined, ReloadOutlined } from '@ant-design/icons';
 import { Alert, Button, Card, Divider, Modal, notification, Space, Spin, Table, Typography } from 'antd';
 import { ColumnsType } from 'antd/lib/table';
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@ import FirewallAddTableModal from './FireWallAddTableModal';
 
 const { Paragraph, Text, Title } = Typography;
 
-/* ---------- Helpers ---------- */
 
 function renderRuleFriendly(rule: RuleOut | any): string {
   if (rule?.text && typeof rule.text === 'string' && rule.text.trim() !== '') return rule.text;
@@ -103,7 +101,6 @@ function renderRuleFriendly(rule: RuleOut | any): string {
     try {
       return JSON.stringify(rule.expr, (_k, v) => (v === undefined ? null : v)).slice(0, 500);
     } catch {
-      // fallthrough
     }
   }
 
@@ -120,22 +117,18 @@ function isSuccessRc(out?: ExecResult | null): boolean {
   return out.rc === 0 || out.rc === -1;
 }
 
-/* ---------- Props ---------- */
 type Props = {
   tables: TableOut[]; // passed from parent
   error?: Error | null;
   refreshRules: () => Promise<void>; // trigger to re-fetch ruleset
 };
 
-/* ---------- Component ---------- */
 
 export default function FirewallTables({ tables, error, refreshRules: refresh }: Props): ReactElement {
-  // local UI state, non-persistent
   const [refreshing, setRefreshing] = useState(false);
   const [isOpenTableCreatorModal, setIsOpenTableCreatorModal] = useState(false);
   const [isOpenChainCreatorModal, setIsOpenChainCreatorModal] = useState(false);
 
-  // run raw nft commands sequentially and collect results (used for delete ops etc.)
   const runCommands = useCallback(async (cmds: string[]) => {
     const acc: CmdResult[] = [];
     for (const cmd of cmds) {
@@ -150,7 +143,6 @@ export default function FirewallTables({ tables, error, refreshRules: refresh }:
     return acc;
   }, []);
 
-  // Delete rule
   const handleDeleteRule = useCallback(
     async (family: string | null | undefined, table: string, chain: string, handle: number | string) => {
       const cmd = `delete rule ${family ?? 'inet'} ${table} ${chain} handle ${handle}`;
@@ -175,12 +167,9 @@ export default function FirewallTables({ tables, error, refreshRules: refresh }:
           } catch (err: any) {
             notification.error({ message: 'Delete failed', description: err?.message ?? String(err) });
           } finally {
-            // auto-refresh after change (no refresh notification shown here)
             try {
               await refresh();
-            } catch {
+            } catch 
-              /* ignore */
-            }
           }
         },
       });
@@ -188,7 +177,6 @@ export default function FirewallTables({ tables, error, refreshRules: refresh }:
     [runCommands, refresh],
   );
 
-  // Delete chain
   const handleDeleteChain = useCallback(
     async (family: string | null | undefined, table: string, chain: string) => {
       const cmd = `delete chain ${family ?? 'inet'} ${table} ${chain}`;
@@ -215,12 +203,9 @@ export default function FirewallTables({ tables, error, refreshRules: refresh }:
           } catch (err: any) {
             notification.error({ message: 'Chain deletion failed', description: err?.message ?? String(err) });
           } finally {
-            // auto-refresh after change (no notification)
             try {
               await refresh();
-            } catch {
+            } catch 
-              /* ignore */
-            }
           }
         },
       });
@@ -228,7 +213,6 @@ export default function FirewallTables({ tables, error, refreshRules: refresh }:
     [runCommands, refresh],
   );
 
-  // Delete table
   const handleDeleteTable = useCallback(
     async (family: string | null | undefined, table: string) => {
       const cmd = `delete table ${family ?? 'inet'} ${table}`;
@@ -255,12 +239,9 @@ export default function FirewallTables({ tables, error, refreshRules: refresh }:
           } catch (err: any) {
             notification.error({ message: 'Table deletion failed', description: err?.message ?? String(err) });
           } finally {
-            // auto-refresh after change (no notification)
             try {
               await refresh();
-            } catch {
+            } catch 
-              /* ignore */
-            }
           }
         },
       });
@@ -268,12 +249,10 @@ export default function FirewallTables({ tables, error, refreshRules: refresh }:
     [runCommands, refresh],
   );
 
-  // manual refresh trigger (exposed to UI)
   const handleRefresh = useCallback(async () => {
     setRefreshing(true);
     try {
       await refresh();
-      // Only show notification when user pressed the refresh button
       notification.success({ message: 'Ruleset refreshed' });
     } catch (err: any) {
       notification.error({ message: 'Refresh failed', description: err?.message ?? String(err) });
@@ -289,14 +268,12 @@ export default function FirewallTables({ tables, error, refreshRules: refresh }:
 
   return (
     <>
-      {/* Pass onClose that accepts optional 'created' boolean. If the modal
+      
-          calls onClose(true) we will auto-refresh (no refresh notification). */}
       <FirewallAddTableModal
         open={isOpenTableCreatorModal}
         onClose={(created?: boolean) => {
           setIsOpenTableCreatorModal(false);
           if (created) {
-            // auto-refresh after create (no notification)
             void refresh().catch(() => {});
           }
         }}
@@ -361,7 +338,7 @@ export default function FirewallTables({ tables, error, refreshRules: refresh }:
                 </div>
               }
             >
-              {/* Chain modal: same optional 'created' signal */}
+              
               <FirewallAddChainModal
                 open={isOpenChainCreatorModal}
                 onClose={(created?: boolean) => {

frontend/src/components/ScriptManager.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-// src/pages/ScriptsManager.tsx
 import {
   DeleteOutlined,
   DownloadOutlined,
@@ -65,49 +64,36 @@ const { Paragraph } = Typography;
  */
 
 export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (code: string) => void }) {
-  // --------------------
-  // State
-  // --------------------
   const [scripts, setScripts] = useState<ScriptWithStatus[]>([]);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
 
-  // modals & editor values
   const [uploadModalVisible, setUploadModalVisible] = useState(false);
   const [editorModalVisible, setEditorModalVisible] = useState(false);
   const [editorValue, setEditorValue] = useState<string>('');
   const [currentEditingName, setCurrentEditingName] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
-  // inline requirements editor toggle + value for upload modal
   const [useInlineReqEditor, setUseInlineReqEditor] = useState(false);
   const [inlineReqValue, setInlineReqValue] = useState<string>('');
 
-  // pip output modal
   const [pipModalVisible, setPipModalVisible] = useState(false);
   const [pipOutput, setPipOutput] = useState<{ stdout?: string; stderr?: string } | null>(null);
 
-  // requirements editor modal (existing per-script editor)
   const [reqModalVisible, setReqModalVisible] = useState(false);
   const [reqEditorValue, setReqEditorValue] = useState<string>('');
   const [reqEditingName, setReqEditingName] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
-  // add-requirements modal (for scripts that have no requirements)
   const [addReqModalVisible, setAddReqModalVisible] = useState(false);
   const [addReqTarget, setAddReqTarget] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [addReqUseInline, setAddReqUseInline] = useState(false);
   const [addReqInlineValue, setAddReqInlineValue] = useState('');
   const [addReqFile, setAddReqFile] = useState<File | null>(null);
 
-  // enable modal
   const [enableModalVisible, setEnableModalVisible] = useState(false);
   const [enableTarget, setEnableTarget] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
-  // forms
   const [form] = Form.useForm();
   const [enableForm] = Form.useForm();
 
-  // --------------------
-  // Data fetch
-  // --------------------
   const refreshAll = useCallback(async () => {
     setLoading(true);
     try {
@@ -148,9 +134,6 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
     refreshAll();
   }, [refreshAll]);
 
-  // --------------------
-  // Helpers
-  // --------------------
   const getMappingsForScript = useCallback(
     (scriptName: string) => {
       const s = scripts.find((x) => x.name === scriptName);
@@ -171,7 +154,6 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
     [scripts],
   );
 
-  // Focus helper: tries to find a textarea inside the modal and put caret at the end.
   const focusEditorInModal = useCallback((modalSelector = '.ant-modal') => {
     setTimeout(() => {
       try {
@@ -184,7 +166,6 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
           ta.setSelectionRange(val.length, val.length);
         }
       } catch {
-        // ignore
       }
     }, 80);
   }, []);
@@ -205,7 +186,6 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
     if (addReqModalVisible) focusEditorInModal('.ant-modal');
   }, [addReqModalVisible, focusEditorInModal]);
 
-  // show pip modal if pip output is present
   const showPipIfPresent = useCallback(
     (resp?: ScriptUploadResponse | { pip?: { stdout?: string; stderr?: string } } | null) => {
       const pip = (resp as any)?.pip;
@@ -217,9 +197,6 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
     [],
   );
 
-  // --------------------
-  // API Handlers
-  // --------------------
   const handleDownload = useCallback(async (name: string) => {
     try {
       const blob = await downloadScript(name);
@@ -358,9 +335,6 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
     [refreshAll],
   );
 
-  // --------------------
-  // Upload handler (prefers file; falls back to inline editors)
-  // --------------------
   const handleUpload = useCallback(
     async (formValues: any) => {
       const { name, scriptFile, requirementsFile } = formValues;
@@ -369,10 +343,8 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
         return;
       }
 
-      // script: prefer uploaded file; else use editorValue
       const script = scriptFile || new Blob([editorValue], { type: 'text/x-python' });
 
-      // requirements: prefer uploaded file; else use inlineReqValue if toggle enabled; else null
       let req: File | Blob | null = null;
       if (requirementsFile) {
         req = requirementsFile;
@@ -476,10 +448,6 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
     [refreshAll],
   );
 
-  // --------------------
-  // Upload form helpers
-  // --------------------
-  // Normalize Upload event to return single File object for Form storage
   const normFile = (e: any) => {
     if (!e) return undefined;
     const list: UploadFile[] = e.fileList || [];
@@ -488,7 +456,6 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
     return (last as any).originFileObj ?? last;
   };
 
-  // Icon-only button wrapped in Tooltip
   function IconButtonTooltip({
     title,
     onClick,
@@ -509,9 +476,6 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
     );
   }
 
-  // --------------------
-  // Add Requirements (for scripts missing requirements)
-  // --------------------
   const openAddRequirements = useCallback((scriptName: string) => {
     setAddReqTarget(scriptName);
     setAddReqUseInline(false);
@@ -549,7 +513,6 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
     }
   }, [addReqFile, addReqInlineValue, addReqTarget, refreshAll, showPipIfPresent]);
 
-  // helper for Upload change inside add-req modal
   const onAddReqUploadChange = useCallback((info: any) => {
     const list: UploadFile[] = info.fileList || [];
     if (list.length === 0) {
@@ -560,9 +523,6 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
     setAddReqFile(last.originFileObj ?? last);
   }, []);
 
-  // --------------------
-  // Table columns
-  // --------------------
   const columns: ColumnsType<ScriptWithStatus> = useMemo(
     () => [
       {
@@ -715,9 +675,6 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
     [getMappingsForScript, nestedColumns],
   );
 
-  // --------------------
-  // Render
-  // --------------------
   return (
     <div>
       <Row justify="space-between" style={{ marginBottom: 12 }}>
@@ -740,7 +697,7 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
         expandable={expandable}
       />
 
-      {/* Upload Modal (wider) */}
+      
       <Modal
         open={uploadModalVisible}
         title="Upload or create script"
@@ -816,7 +773,7 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
         </Form>
       </Modal>
 
-      {/* Editor Modal */}
+      
       <Modal
         open={editorModalVisible}
         title={currentEditingName ? `Editing — ${currentEditingName}` : 'Editor'}
@@ -874,7 +831,7 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
         <PythonEditor value={editorValue} onChange={setEditorValue} height={520} />
       </Modal>
 
-      {/* Requirements Editor Modal (per-script) */}
+      
       <Modal
         open={reqModalVisible}
         title={reqEditingName ? `requirements.txt — ${reqEditingName}` : 'requirements.txt'}
@@ -913,7 +870,7 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
         <PythonEditor value={reqEditorValue} onChange={setReqEditorValue} height={420} />
       </Modal>
 
-      {/* Add Requirements Modal (for scripts without requirements) */}
+      
       <Modal
         open={addReqModalVisible}
         title={addReqTarget ? `Add requirements — ${addReqTarget}` : 'Add requirements'}
@@ -967,7 +924,7 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
         </div>
       </Modal>
 
-      {/* Pip output modal */}
+      
       <Modal
         open={pipModalVisible}
         title="pip install output"
@@ -986,7 +943,7 @@ export default function ScriptsManager({ onOpenInEditor }: { onOpenInEditor?: (c
         </div>
       </Modal>
 
-      {/* Enable Modal */}
+      
       <Modal
         open={enableModalVisible}
         title={`Enable ${enableTarget ?? ''}`}

frontend/src/components/SnifferManager.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-// src/components/Sniffing.tsx
 import {
   CheckCircleOutlined,
   ExclamationCircleOutlined,
@@ -23,6 +22,7 @@ import {
   Typography,
 } from 'antd';
 import { ReactElement, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+
 import { startSniffer, stopSniffer, stopSnifferByInterface } from '../api/apiClient';
 import { BridgeInfo, InterfaceInfo } from '../types/network';
 import { InterfaceSnifferStatus } from '../types/sniffer';
@@ -41,69 +41,66 @@ interface SnifferManagerProps {
 }
 
 export default function SnifferManager(props: SnifferManagerProps): ReactElement {
-  // local UI state
-
-  // modal / form
   const [isModalOpen, setIsModalOpen] = useState(false);
   const [startMode, setStartMode] = useState<'interface' | 'bridge'>('interface');
   const [form] = Form.useForm();
 
-  // derived entries
   const statusEntries = useMemo(
     () => Object.entries(props.statusMap) as [string, InterfaceSnifferStatus][],
     [props.statusMap],
   );
 
-  // open/close modal
   const onOpenStartModal = () => {
     form.resetFields();
     setStartMode('interface');
     setIsModalOpen(true);
   };
-  const onCloseModal = () => setIsModalOpen(false);
 
-  // start submit
+  const onCloseModal = () => {
-  const handleStartSubmit = async (values: any) => {
+    setIsModalOpen(false);
-    const { target } = values;
+  };
+
+  const handleStartSubmit = async (values: { target?: string }) => {
+    const target = values.target;
     if (!target) {
       notification.warning({ message: 'Warning', description: 'Please select a target to start sniffing on.' });
       return;
     }
+
     try {
       const payload = startMode === 'interface' ? { interface: target } : { bridge: target };
-      const res = await startSniffer(payload);
+      const result = await startSniffer(payload);
       notification.success({
         message: 'Sniffer started',
-        description: `Sniffer started on ${target} (session ${res.session_id})`,
+        description: `Sniffer started on ${target} (session ${result.session_id})`,
       });
       await props.refreshAll();
       setIsModalOpen(false);
-    } catch (err: any) {
+    } catch (error: any) {
-      console.error('startSniffer error', err);
+      console.error('startSniffer error', error);
-      notification.error(err?.message ?? 'Failed to start sniffer');
+      notification.error({
-    } finally {
+        message: 'Failed to start sniffer',
+        description: error?.message ?? 'Failed to start sniffer',
+      });
     }
   };
 
-  // stop all
   const handleStopAll = async () => {
     try {
       await stopSniffer();
-      notification.success({
+      notification.success({ message: 'All sniffers stopped' });
-        message: 'All sniffers stopped',
-      });
       await props.refreshStatus();
-    } catch (err: any) {
+    } catch (error: any) {
-      console.error('stopSniffer error', err);
+      console.error('stopSniffer error', error);
-      notification.error(err?.message ?? 'Failed to stop sniffers');
+      notification.error({
-    } finally {
+        message: 'Failed to stop sniffers',
+        description: error?.message ?? 'Failed to stop sniffers',
+      });
     }
   };
 
-  // stop per-interface
+  const handleStopFromList = async (ifaceName: string, sessionId?: string | null) => {
-  const handleStopFromList = async (ifaceName: string, session_id?: string | null) => {
     try {
-      // prefer stop by interface
       await stopSnifferByInterface(ifaceName);
       notification.success({
         message: 'Sniffer stopped',
@@ -111,28 +108,28 @@ export default function SnifferManager(props: SnifferManagerProps): ReactElement
       });
       await props.refreshStatus();
       return;
-    } catch (err: any) {
+    } catch (error: any) {
-      console.error('stopSnifferByInterface error', err);
+      console.error('stopSnifferByInterface error', error);
-      // try stop by session as fallback
-      if (session_id) {
-        try {
-          await stopSniffer({ session_id });
-          notification.success({
-            message: 'Sniffer stopped',
-            description: `Sniffer stopped on interface ${ifaceName} (session ${session_id})`,
-          });
-          await props.refreshStatus();
-          return;
-        } catch (err2: any) {
-          console.error('stopSniffer by session fallback failed', err2);
-        }
-      }
-      notification.error({
-        message: 'Failed to stop sniffer',
-        description: err?.message ?? 'Failed to stop sniffer',
-      });
-    } finally {
     }
+
+    if (sessionId) {
+      try {
+        await stopSniffer({ session_id: sessionId });
+        notification.success({
+          message: 'Sniffer stopped',
+          description: `Sniffer stopped on interface ${ifaceName} (session ${sessionId})`,
+        });
+        await props.refreshStatus();
+        return;
+      } catch (fallbackError: any) {
+        console.error('stopSniffer by session fallback failed', fallbackError);
+      }
+    }
+
+    notification.error({
+      message: 'Failed to stop sniffer',
+      description: 'Could not stop sniffer for this interface.',
+    });
   };
 
   return (
@@ -145,11 +142,9 @@ export default function SnifferManager(props: SnifferManagerProps): ReactElement
             <Tooltip title="Start a new sniffer session">
               <Button icon={<PlusOutlined />} onClick={onOpenStartModal} />
             </Tooltip>
-
             <Tooltip title="Refresh status">
               <Button icon={<ReloadOutlined />} onClick={() => props.refreshStatus()} />
             </Tooltip>
-
             <Tooltip title="Stop all sniffers">
               <Button danger icon={<StopOutlined />} onClick={handleStopAll} />
             </Tooltip>
@@ -167,22 +162,19 @@ export default function SnifferManager(props: SnifferManagerProps): ReactElement
         ) : (
           <List
             dataSource={statusEntries}
-            renderItem={([name, st]: [string, InterfaceSnifferStatus]) => {
+            renderItem={([name, status]: [string, InterfaceSnifferStatus]) => {
-              const running = st.running;
+              const sessionId = status.session_id ?? null;
-              const exists = st.exists;
+              const sessionLabel = status.session_label ?? null;
-              const up = st.up;
-              const session_id = st.session_id ?? null;
-              const session_label = st.session_label ?? null;
 
               return (
                 <List.Item
                   actions={[
-                    running ? (
+                    status.running ? (
                       <Button
                         key="stop"
                         size="small"
                         icon={<StopOutlined />}
-                        onClick={() => handleStopFromList(name, session_id)}
+                        onClick={() => handleStopFromList(name, sessionId)}
                         disabled={props.loading}
                       >
                         Stop
@@ -194,21 +186,19 @@ export default function SnifferManager(props: SnifferManagerProps): ReactElement
                         type="primary"
                         icon={<PlayCircleOutlined />}
                         onClick={async () => {
-                          // start on this interface
                           try {
-                            const res = await startSniffer({ interface: name });
+                            const result = await startSniffer({ interface: name });
                             notification.success({
                               message: 'Sniffer started',
-                              description: `Sniffer started on ${name} (session ${res.session_id})`,
+                              description: `Sniffer started on ${name} (session ${result.session_id})`,
                             });
                             await props.refreshStatus();
-                          } catch (err: any) {
+                          } catch (error: any) {
-                            console.error('startSniffer quick', err);
+                            console.error('startSniffer quick', error);
                             notification.error({
                               message: 'Failed to start sniffer',
-                              description: err?.message ?? 'Failed to start sniffer',
+                              description: error?.message ?? 'Failed to start sniffer',
                             });
-                          } finally {
                           }
                         }}
                       >
@@ -221,7 +211,7 @@ export default function SnifferManager(props: SnifferManagerProps): ReactElement
                     title={
                       <Space>
                         <Text strong>{name}</Text>
-                        {running ? (
+                        {status.running ? (
                           <Tag icon={<CheckCircleOutlined />} color="success">
                             running
                           </Tag>
@@ -230,16 +220,14 @@ export default function SnifferManager(props: SnifferManagerProps): ReactElement
                             stopped
                           </Tag>
                         )}
-
+                        {!status.exists && <Tag color="error">missing</Tag>}
-                        {!exists && <Tag color="error">missing</Tag>}
+                        {status.exists && !status.up && <Tag color="warning">down</Tag>}
-                        {exists && !up && <Tag color="warning">down</Tag>}
+                        {status.exists && status.up && <Tag color="processing">up</Tag>}
-                        {exists && up && <Tag color="processing">up</Tag>}
+                        {sessionId && (
-
-                        {session_id && (
                           <Tag>
-                            {session_label ? `${session_label}` : 'session'}:{' '}
+                            {sessionLabel ?? 'session'}:{' '}
-                            <Text code copyable={{ text: session_id }}>
+                            <Text code copyable={{ text: sessionId }}>
-                              {session_id.slice(0, 8)}
+                              {sessionId.slice(0, 8)}
                             </Text>
                           </Tag>
                         )}
@@ -254,7 +242,6 @@ export default function SnifferManager(props: SnifferManagerProps): ReactElement
         )}
       </Card>
 
-      {/* Start sniffer modal */}
       <Modal
         title="Start sniffer session"
         open={isModalOpen}
@@ -267,8 +254,8 @@ export default function SnifferManager(props: SnifferManagerProps): ReactElement
           <Form.Item label="Mode" name="mode">
             <Radio.Group
               value={startMode}
-              onChange={(e) => {
+              onChange={(event) => {
-                setStartMode(e.target.value);
+                setStartMode(event.target.value);
                 form.setFieldsValue({ target: undefined });
               }}
             >
@@ -291,14 +278,14 @@ export default function SnifferManager(props: SnifferManagerProps): ReactElement
               }
             >
               {startMode === 'interface'
-                ? props.interfaces.map((i) => (
+                ? props.interfaces.map((iface) => (
-                    <Option key={`if:${i.name}`} value={i.name}>
+                    <Option key={`if:${iface.name}`} value={iface.name}>
-                      {i.name}
+                      {iface.name}
                     </Option>
                   ))
-                : props.bridges.map((b) => (
+                : props.bridges.map((bridge) => (
-                    <Option key={`br:${b.ifname}`} value={b.ifname}>
+                    <Option key={`br:${bridge.ifname}`} value={bridge.ifname}>
-                      {b.ifname} ({b.members.map((m) => m.ifname).join(', ')})
+                      {bridge.ifname} ({bridge.members.map((member) => member.ifname).join(', ')})
                     </Option>
                   ))}
             </Select>

frontend/src/hooks/useBackendAPI.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-// src/hooks/useNetwork.ts
+import { useQuery, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';
-import { useQuery, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
+import { useCallback, useState } from 'react';
-import { useCallback, useState } from "react";
+
-import * as api from "../api/apiClient";
+import * as api from '../api/apiClient';
 import type {
   BridgeCreateRequest,
   BridgeInfo,
@@ -9,24 +9,15 @@ import type {
   FullState,
   InterfaceInfo,
   RouteInfo,
-} from "../types/network";
+} from '../types/network';
-import { SnifferStatusResponse } from "../types/sniffer";
+import { SnifferStatusResponse } from '../types/sniffer';
+
+const TEN_SECONDS = 1000 * 10;
+const FIVE_SECONDS = 1000 * 5;
 
-/**
- * useNetwork
- *
- * - queries start disabled (no automatic network calls)
- * - calling fetchInterfaces()/fetchBridges()/... will:
- *   1) fetch and cache the data right away (queryClient.fetchQuery)
- *   2) enable the corresponding useQuery so it becomes "active" and will
- *      auto-refetch based on the query options
- *
- * This gives "no initial auto-fetch" but "once fetched, auto-updates".
- */
 export function useBackendAPI() {
-  const qc = useQueryClient();
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient();
 
-  // per-query enabled flags (start false => no automatic fetch)
   const [interfacesEnabled, setInterfacesEnabled] = useState(false);
   const [linksEnabled, setLinksEnabled] = useState(false);
   const [routesEnabled, setRoutesEnabled] = useState(false);
@@ -34,132 +25,126 @@ export function useBackendAPI() {
   const [fullStateEnabled, setFullStateEnabled] = useState(false);
   const [snifferStatusEnabled, setSnifferStatusEnabled] = useState(false);
 
-  // common query options once enabled
   const commonOptions = {
     refetchOnWindowFocus: true,
-    staleTime: 1000 * 10, // 10s
+    staleTime: TEN_SECONDS,
   };
 
-  // Queries (disabled initially)
   const interfacesQuery = useQuery<InterfaceInfo[]>({
-    queryKey: ["interfaces"],
+    queryKey: ['interfaces'],
     queryFn: api.fetchInterfaces,
     enabled: interfacesEnabled,
     ...commonOptions,
   });
 
   const linksQuery = useQuery<InterfaceInfo[]>({
-    queryKey: ["links"],
+    queryKey: ['links'],
     queryFn: api.fetchLinks,
     enabled: linksEnabled,
     ...commonOptions,
   });
 
   const routesQuery = useQuery<RouteInfo[]>({
-    queryKey: ["routes"],
+    queryKey: ['routes'],
     queryFn: api.fetchRoutes,
     enabled: routesEnabled,
     ...commonOptions,
   });
 
   const bridgesQuery = useQuery<BridgeInfo[]>({
-    queryKey: ["bridges"],
+    queryKey: ['bridges'],
     queryFn: api.fetchBridges,
     enabled: bridgesEnabled,
     ...commonOptions,
   });
 
   const fullStateQuery = useQuery<FullState>({
-    queryKey: ["full-state"],
+    queryKey: ['full-state'],
     queryFn: api.fetchFullState,
     enabled: fullStateEnabled,
     ...commonOptions,
   });
 
   const snifferStatusQuery = useQuery<SnifferStatusResponse>({
-    queryKey: ["sniffer-status"],
+    queryKey: ['sniffer-status'],
     queryFn: api.fetchSnifferStatus,
-    enabled: fullStateEnabled,
+    enabled: snifferStatusEnabled,
     ...commonOptions,
   });
 
-  // Imperative fetch helpers that also enable auto-refetch behavior
   const fetchInterfaces = useCallback(async () => {
-    const res = await qc.fetchQuery<InterfaceInfo[]>({
+    const result = await queryClient.fetchQuery<InterfaceInfo[]>({
-      queryKey: ["interfaces"],
+      queryKey: ['interfaces'],
       queryFn: api.fetchInterfaces,
-      staleTime: 1000 * 10
+      staleTime: TEN_SECONDS,
     });
     setInterfacesEnabled(true);
-    return res;
+    return result;
-  }, [qc]);
+  }, [queryClient]);
 
   const fetchLinks = useCallback(async () => {
-    const res = await qc.fetchQuery<InterfaceInfo[]>({
+    const result = await queryClient.fetchQuery<InterfaceInfo[]>({
-      queryKey: ["links"],
+      queryKey: ['links'],
       queryFn: api.fetchLinks,
-      staleTime: 1000 * 10
+      staleTime: TEN_SECONDS,
     });
     setLinksEnabled(true);
-    return res;
+    return result;
-  }, [qc]);
+  }, [queryClient]);
 
   const fetchRoutes = useCallback(async () => {
-    const res = await qc.fetchQuery<RouteInfo[]>({
+    const result = await queryClient.fetchQuery<RouteInfo[]>({
-      queryKey: ["routes"],
+      queryKey: ['routes'],
       queryFn: api.fetchRoutes,
-      staleTime: 1000 * 10
+      staleTime: TEN_SECONDS,
     });
     setRoutesEnabled(true);
-    return res;
+    return result;
-  }, [qc]);
+  }, [queryClient]);
 
   const fetchBridges = useCallback(async () => {
-    const res = await qc.fetchQuery<BridgeInfo[]>({
+    const result = await queryClient.fetchQuery<BridgeInfo[]>({
-      queryKey: ["bridges"],
+      queryKey: ['bridges'],
       queryFn: api.fetchBridges,
-      staleTime: 1000 * 10
+      staleTime: TEN_SECONDS,
     });
     setBridgesEnabled(true);
-    return res;
+    return result;
-  }, [qc]);
+  }, [queryClient]);
 
   const fetchFullState = useCallback(async () => {
-    const res = await qc.fetchQuery<FullState>({
+    const result = await queryClient.fetchQuery<FullState>({
-      queryKey: ["full-state"],
+      queryKey: ['full-state'],
       queryFn: api.fetchFullState,
-      staleTime: 1000 * 5
+      staleTime: FIVE_SECONDS,
     });
     setFullStateEnabled(true);
-    return res;
+    return result;
-  }, [qc]);
+  }, [queryClient]);
 
   const fetchSnifferStatus = useCallback(async () => {
-    const res = await qc.fetchQuery<SnifferStatusResponse>({
+    const result = await queryClient.fetchQuery<SnifferStatusResponse>({
-      queryKey: ["sniffer-status"],
+      queryKey: ['sniffer-status'],
       queryFn: api.fetchSnifferStatus,
-      staleTime: 1000 * 5
+      staleTime: FIVE_SECONDS,
     });
-    setFullStateEnabled(true);
+    setSnifferStatusEnabled(true);
-    return res;
+    return result;
-  }, [qc]);
+  }, [queryClient]);
 
-  // Local loading state for simple UI feedback
   const [isCreating, setIsCreating] = useState(false);
   const [isRemoving, setIsRemoving] = useState(false);
 
-  // Simple imperative functions that call the API and invalidate queries
   async function createBridge(payload: BridgeCreateRequest) {
     setIsCreating(true);
     try {
       await api.createBridge(payload);
-      // If the query is enabled it will refetch automatically after invalidation.
+      await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['bridges'] });
-      await qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["bridges"] });
+      await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['full-state'] });
-      await qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["full-state"] });
+      await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['interfaces'] });
-      await qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["interfaces"] });
+    } catch (error) {
-    } catch (err) {
       const message =
-        err instanceof Error ? err.message : typeof err === "string" ? err : "Create bridge failed";
+        error instanceof Error ? error.message : typeof error === 'string' ? error : 'Create bridge failed';
       throw new Error(message);
     } finally {
       setIsCreating(false);
@@ -170,45 +155,43 @@ export function useBackendAPI() {
     setIsRemoving(true);
     try {
       await api.removeBridge(payload);
-      await qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["bridges"] });
+      await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['bridges'] });
-      await qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["full-state"] });
+      await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['full-state'] });
-      await qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["interfaces"] });
+      await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['interfaces'] });
-      await qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["sniffer-status"] });
+      await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['sniffer-status'] });
-    } catch (err) {
+    } catch (error) {
       const message =
-        err instanceof Error ? err.message : typeof err === "string" ? err : "Remove bridge failed";
+        error instanceof Error ? error.message : typeof error === 'string' ? error : 'Remove bridge failed';
       throw new Error(message);
     } finally {
       setIsRemoving(false);
     }
   }
 
-  // Convenience: invalidate helpers
   function refreshInterfaces() {
-    return qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["interfaces"] });
+    return queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['interfaces'] });
   }
 
   function refreshLinks() {
-    return qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["links"] });
+    return queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['links'] });
   }
 
   function refreshRoutes() {
-    return qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["routes"] });
+    return queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['routes'] });
   }
 
   function refreshBridges() {
-    return qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["bridges"] });
+    return queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['bridges'] });
   }
 
   function refreshFullState() {
-    return qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["full-state"] });
+    return queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['full-state'] });
   }
 
   function refreshSnifferStatus() {
-    return qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["sniffer-status"] });
+    return queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['sniffer-status'] });
   }
 
-  // Convenience: refresh all queries
   function refreshAll() {
     refreshInterfaces();
     refreshLinks();
@@ -219,39 +202,28 @@ export function useBackendAPI() {
   }
 
   return {
-    // queries
     interfacesQuery,
     linksQuery,
     routesQuery,
     bridgesQuery,
     fullStateQuery,
     snifferStatusQuery,
-
-    // manual fetchers (fetch+enable auto-updates)
     fetchInterfaces,
     fetchLinks,
     fetchRoutes,
     fetchBridges,
     fetchFullState,
     fetchSnifferStatus,
-
-    // simple mutation functions (imperative)
     createBridge,
     removeBridge,
-
-    // local loading flags
     isCreating,
     isRemoving,
-
-    // invalidate helpers
     refreshInterfaces,
     refreshLinks,
     refreshRoutes,
     refreshBridges,
     refreshFullState,
     refreshSnifferStatus,
-
-    // refresh all
     refreshAll,
   };
 }

frontend/src/pages/Network.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-// src/pages/BridgesManager.tsx
 import { DeleteOutlined, PlusOutlined, ReloadOutlined } from '@ant-design/icons';
 import {
   Button,
@@ -18,9 +17,9 @@ import {
 } from 'antd';
 import type { ColumnsType } from 'antd/es/table';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+
 import { createBridge, fetchFullState, removeBridge } from '../api/apiClient';
-import type { BridgeInfo, InterfaceInfo } from '../types/network';
+import type { BridgeInfo, FullState, InterfaceInfo } from '../types/network';
-import { FullState } from '../types/network';
 
 const { Title, Paragraph } = Typography;
 
@@ -29,19 +28,19 @@ export default function Network() {
   const [bridgeForm] = Form.useForm();
   const [networkState, setNetworkState] = useState<FullState>();
 
-  const getFullState = (auto: boolean = false) => {
+  const getFullState = (silent = false) => {
     fetchFullState()
-      .then((interfaces) => {
+      .then((state) => {
-        setNetworkState(interfaces);
+        setNetworkState(state);
-        if (!auto) {
+        if (!silent) {
           notification.success({
             message: 'Success',
             description: 'Network state updated.',
           });
         }
       })
-      .catch((err) => {
+      .catch((error) => {
-        console.error('Failed to fetch interfaces:', err);
+        console.error('Failed to fetch network state:', error);
         notification.error({
           message: 'Error',
           description: 'Failed to fetch network state.',
@@ -49,39 +48,36 @@ export default function Network() {
       });
   };
 
-  // fetch on mount (explicit, since queries are disabled by default)
   useEffect(() => {
     getFullState(true);
   }, []);
 
-  // build select options from interfaces list
   const interfaceOptions = useMemo(
     () =>
-      networkState?.interfaces.map((it: InterfaceInfo) => ({
+      networkState?.interfaces.map((iface: InterfaceInfo) => ({
-        label: it.name,
+        label: iface.name,
-        value: it.name,
+        value: iface.name,
       })) ?? [],
     [networkState],
   );
 
-  // Columns for interfaces table (read-only)
   const interfaceColumns: ColumnsType<InterfaceInfo> = useMemo(
     () => [
       { title: 'IfIndex', dataIndex: 'ifindex', key: 'ifindex', width: 90 },
       { title: 'Name', dataIndex: 'name', key: 'name' },
-      { title: 'State', dataIndex: 'state', key: 'state', render: (s) => <Tag>{s}</Tag> },
+      { title: 'State', dataIndex: 'state', key: 'state', render: (state) => <Tag>{state}</Tag> },
-      { title: 'MAC', dataIndex: 'mac', key: 'mac', render: (m) => m ?? '—' },
+      { title: 'MAC', dataIndex: 'mac', key: 'mac', render: (mac) => mac ?? '—' },
       { title: 'MTU', dataIndex: 'mtu', key: 'mtu', width: 90 },
       {
         title: 'Addresses',
         dataIndex: 'addresses',
         key: 'addresses',
-        render: (addrs: any[]) =>
+        render: (addresses: any[]) =>
-          addrs?.length ? (
+          addresses?.length ? (
-            <Space orientation="vertical">
+            <Space direction="vertical">
-              {addrs.map((a) => (
+              {addresses.map((address) => (
-                <span key={`${a.address}/${a.prefixlen}`}>
+                <span key={`${address.address}/${address.prefixlen}`}>
-                  {a.address}/{a.prefixlen} ({a.family})
+                  {address.address}/{address.prefixlen} ({address.family})
                 </span>
               ))}
             </Space>
@@ -93,23 +89,22 @@ export default function Network() {
     [],
   );
 
-  // Columns for bridges table (with remove action)
   const bridgeColumns: ColumnsType<BridgeInfo> = useMemo(
     () => [
       { title: 'IfIndex', dataIndex: 'ifindex', key: 'ifindex', width: 90 },
       { title: 'Name', dataIndex: 'ifname', key: 'ifname' },
-      { title: 'State', dataIndex: 'state', key: 'state', render: (s) => <Tag>{s ?? '—'}</Tag> },
+      { title: 'State', dataIndex: 'state', key: 'state', render: (state) => <Tag>{state ?? '—'}</Tag> },
       {
         title: 'Members',
         dataIndex: 'members',
         key: 'members',
-        render: (members: any[]) => (members?.length ? members.map((m) => m.ifname).join(', ') : '—'),
+        render: (members: any[]) => (members?.length ? members.map((member) => member.ifname).join(', ') : '—'),
       },
       {
         title: 'Actions',
         key: 'actions',
         width: 140,
-        render: (_: any, record: BridgeInfo) => (
+        render: (_, record: BridgeInfo) => (
           <Popconfirm
             title={`Remove bridge ${record.ifname}?`}
             onConfirm={() => handleRemoveBridge(record.ifname)}
@@ -121,11 +116,12 @@ export default function Network() {
         ),
       },
     ],
-    [networkState],
+    [],
   );
-  async function handleCreateBridge(values: { name: string; interfaces?: string[] }) {
+
-    const ifaceList = values.interfaces ?? [];
+  function handleCreateBridge(values: { name: string; interfaces?: string[] }) {
-    createBridge({ name: values.name, interfaces: ifaceList })
+    const interfaces = values.interfaces ?? [];
+    createBridge({ name: values.name, interfaces })
       .then(() => {
         notification.success({
           message: 'Success',
@@ -135,11 +131,11 @@ export default function Network() {
         getFullState(true);
         bridgeForm.resetFields();
       })
-      .catch((err) => {
+      .catch((error) => {
-        console.error(err);
+        console.error(error);
         notification.error({
           message: 'Error',
-          description: (err as Error).message ?? 'Failed to create bridge',
+          description: (error as Error).message ?? 'Failed to create bridge',
         });
       });
   }
@@ -153,11 +149,11 @@ export default function Network() {
         });
         getFullState(true);
       })
-      .catch((err) => {
+      .catch((error) => {
-        console.error(err);
+        console.error(error);
         notification.error({
           message: 'Error',
-          description: (err as Error).message ?? 'Failed to remove bridge',
+          description: (error as Error).message ?? 'Failed to remove bridge',
         });
       });
   }
@@ -166,28 +162,21 @@ export default function Network() {
     <div style={{ padding: 16 }}>
       <Row justify="space-between" align="middle" style={{ marginBottom: 12 }}>
         <Col>
-          <Title level={2}> Network Management</Title>
+          <Title level={2}>Network Management</Title>
           <Paragraph type="secondary">View system interfaces and manage network bridges.</Paragraph>
         </Col>
         <Col>
-          <Space>
+          <Button icon={<ReloadOutlined />} onClick={() => getFullState()}>
-            <Button
+            Refresh
-              icon={<ReloadOutlined />}
+          </Button>
-              onClick={() => {
-                getFullState();
-              }}
-            >
-              Refresh
-            </Button>
-          </Space>
         </Col>
       </Row>
 
       <Row gutter={16}>
         <Col span={14}>
-          <Card title={`Interfaces (${networkState?.interfaces.length})`} style={{ overflow: 'auto' }}>
+          <Card title={`Interfaces (${networkState?.interfaces.length ?? 0})`} style={{ overflow: 'auto' }}>
             <Table
-              rowKey={(r: InterfaceInfo) => r.ifindex}
+              rowKey={(row: InterfaceInfo) => row.ifindex}
               dataSource={networkState?.interfaces ?? []}
               columns={interfaceColumns}
               pagination={{ pageSize: 8 }}
@@ -198,14 +187,13 @@ export default function Network() {
 
         <Col span={10}>
           <Card
-            title={`Bridges (${networkState?.bridges.length})`}
+            title={`Bridges (${networkState?.bridges.length ?? 0})`}
             style={{ overflow: 'auto' }}
             extra={
               <Button
                 icon={<PlusOutlined />}
                 type="primary"
                 onClick={() => {
-                  // ensure up-to-date interface list when opening modal
                   getFullState(true);
                   setBridgeModalVisible(true);
                 }}
@@ -213,7 +201,7 @@ export default function Network() {
             }
           >
             <Table
-              rowKey={(r: BridgeInfo) => String(r.ifindex)}
+              rowKey={(row: BridgeInfo) => String(row.ifindex)}
               dataSource={networkState?.bridges ?? []}
               columns={bridgeColumns}
               pagination={{ pageSize: 6 }}
@@ -223,7 +211,6 @@ export default function Network() {
         </Col>
       </Row>
 
-      {/* Create Bridge Modal */}
       <Modal
         title="Create Bridge"
         open={bridgeModalVisible}
@@ -238,7 +225,6 @@ export default function Network() {
             <Input placeholder="e.g. br0" />
           </Form.Item>
 
-          {/* Select field populated from interfaces endpoint */}
           <Form.Item name="interfaces" label="Interfaces (select one or more)">
             <Select
               mode="multiple"

frontend/src/pages/Sniffing.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-// src/components/Sniffing.tsx
+import { Col, message, Row, Typography } from 'antd';
-import { Col, message, Row, Select, Typography } from 'antd';
 import { ReactElement, useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+
 import { fetchBridges, fetchInterfaces, fetchSnifferStatus } from '../api/apiClient';
 import PacketViewer from '../components/PacketViewer';
 import SnifferManager from '../components/SnifferManager';
@@ -8,48 +8,48 @@ import { BridgeInfo, InterfaceInfo } from '../types/network';
 import { InterfaceSnifferStatus } from '../types/sniffer';
 
 const { Title, Text } = Typography;
-const { Option } = Select;
 
 export default function Sniffing(): ReactElement {
   const [interfaces, setInterfaces] = useState<InterfaceInfo[]>([]);
   const [bridges, setBridges] = useState<BridgeInfo[]>([]);
   const [statusMap, setStatusMap] = useState<Record<string, InterfaceSnifferStatus>>({});
-
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
   const [statusLoading, setStatusLoading] = useState(false);
 
-  // initial load
+  const refreshStatus = useCallback(async () => {
-  useEffect(() => {
+    setStatusLoading(true);
-    refreshAll().catch(() => {});
+    try {
+      const status = await fetchSnifferStatus();
+      setStatusMap(status.interfaces ?? {});
+    } catch (error: any) {
+      console.error('fetchSnifferStatus error', error);
+      message.error(error?.message ?? 'Failed to fetch sniffer status');
+    } finally {
+      setStatusLoading(false);
+    }
   }, []);
 
   const refreshAll = useCallback(async () => {
     setLoading(true);
     try {
-      const [ifs, brs] = await Promise.allSettled([fetchInterfaces(), fetchBridges()]);
+      const [ifaces, bridgesResult] = await Promise.allSettled([fetchInterfaces(), fetchBridges()]);
-      if (ifs.status === 'fulfilled') setInterfaces(ifs.value);
+      if (ifaces.status === 'fulfilled') {
-      if (brs.status === 'fulfilled') setBridges(brs.value);
+        setInterfaces(ifaces.value);
+      }
+      if (bridgesResult.status === 'fulfilled') {
+        setBridges(bridgesResult.value);
+      }
 
       await refreshStatus();
-    } catch (err) {
-      // ignore; errors handled in individual calls
     } finally {
       setLoading(false);
     }
-  }, []);
+  }, [refreshStatus]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    refreshAll().catch(() => undefined);
+  }, [refreshAll]);
 
-  const refreshStatus = useCallback(async () => {
-    setStatusLoading(true);
-    try {
-      const st = await fetchSnifferStatus();
-      setStatusMap(st.interfaces ?? {});
-    } catch (err: any) {
-      console.error('fetchSnifferStatus error', err);
-      message.error(err?.message ?? 'Failed to fetch sniffer status');
-    } finally {
-      setStatusLoading(false);
-    }
-  }, []);
   return (
     <div className="sniffing-page" style={{ padding: 16 }}>
       <Row justify="space-between" align="middle" style={{ marginBottom: 12 }}>
@@ -57,9 +57,10 @@ export default function Sniffing(): ReactElement {
           <Title level={2} style={{ margin: 0 }}>
             Sniffing
           </Title>
-          <Text type="secondary">Start, stop and view AF_PACKET sniffer sessions</Text>
+          <Text type="secondary">Start, stop and view AF_PACKET sniffer sessions.</Text>
         </Col>
       </Row>
+
       <Row>
         <Col span={24}>
           <SnifferManager
@@ -73,9 +74,10 @@ export default function Sniffing(): ReactElement {
           />
         </Col>
       </Row>
+
       <Row>
         <Col span={24} style={{ marginTop: 24 }}>
-          <PacketViewer interfaces={interfaces.map((i) => i.name)} />
+          <PacketViewer interfaces={interfaces.map((iface) => iface.name)} />
         </Col>
       </Row>
     </div>