add libnft, simpler api

backend/src/api/nftables_api.py

@@ -1,106 +1,116 @@
-# fastapi_nft_replace.py
+# fastapi_nft_stateless.py
 """
-nftables router for FastAPI to manage nftables bridge rules dynamically.
+Stateless FastAPI nftables router.
-
+Only uses kernel-stored info (nft) as the source of truth.
-This version will attempt to create any kernel/runtime prerequisites:
-- load 'bridge' and 'br_netfilter' modules (via modprobe)
-- enable sysctls net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables and net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables
-- create the nft table and chain (with nft add ... and nft -f fallback)
 
 Endpoints (mounted under /nft):
-- GET  /rules         -> list active rules (read from nftables)
+- GET  /rules    -> reconstruct rule objects from nft kernel state (best-effort)
-- POST /rules         -> add one or many rules (append)
+- PUT  /rules    -> replace entire ordered ruleset (applies via nft -f)
-- DELETE /rules       -> delete one or many rules by id
+
-- PUT /rules          -> replace entire ordered rule set via nft -f (returns new version)
+No persistence, no comments used for mapping.
 """
-from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException
+from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException, Header, Request
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 from typing import Optional, List, Dict, Any, Union, Tuple
-import subprocess
 import uuid
 import json
-import base64
-import re
 import tempfile
 import os
 import logging
 
-# Router and logger ---------------------------------------------------------
+# libnftables binding
-router = APIRouter()
+try:
+    from nftables import Nftables
+except Exception:
+    Nftables = None  # will raise when used
 
+router = APIRouter(prefix="/nft", tags=["nftables"])
 logger = logging.getLogger("nftables")
-logger.debug("nftables router module loaded")
+logger.debug("nftables stateless router loaded")
 
-# Defaults and in-memory version token --------------------------------------
+# Defaults
 DEFAULT_TABLE = "mitm_tbl"
 DEFAULT_CHAIN = "forward"
 DEFAULT_FAMILY = "bridge"
 
-# in-memory version token updated on successful PUT
 _current_version: Optional[str] = None
 
 # ---------------------- Pydantic models ----------------------
 class MatchModel(BaseModel):
     iif: Optional[str] = None
     oif: Optional[str] = None
-    meta_length: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None  # allow integers or ranges like "100-200"
+    meta_length: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None
-    ip_proto: Optional[str] = None
+    ip_proto: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None
     tcp_dport: Optional[int] = None
     udp_dport: Optional[int] = None
 
 
 class ActionModel(BaseModel):
-    type: str  # drop | accept | queue | redirect
+    type: Optional[str] = None  # drop | accept | queue | redirect
     queue_num: Optional[int] = None
     redirect_port: Optional[int] = None
 
 
 class RuleModel(BaseModel):
-    id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="optional rule id; generated if missing")
+    # note: since we don't persist IDs, id remains optional
+    id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="optional client-provided id (not stored by server)")
     family: Optional[str] = Field(DEFAULT_FAMILY)
     table: Optional[str] = Field(DEFAULT_TABLE)
     chain: Optional[str] = Field(DEFAULT_CHAIN)
     match: MatchModel
     action: ActionModel
 
+
 class ReplaceResult(BaseModel):
     version: str
     applied: bool
     rules_count: int
 
 
-# ---------------------- Utilities ----------------------
+# ---------------------- nft binding helpers ----------------------
-def run_nft(args: List[str]) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+def _ensure_binding():
-    """
+    if Nftables is None:
-    Run nft with given args.
+        raise RuntimeError(
-    Returns (stdout, stderr).
+            "python nftables binding not available. Install python3-nftables (system package) or pip-nftables."
-    Raises RuntimeError on non-zero exit with stderr included.
+        )
-    """
-    logger.debug("running nft: %s", " ".join(["nft"] + args))
-    try:
-        proc = subprocess.run(["nft"] + args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True, check=True)
-        logger.debug("nft stdout: %s", proc.stdout.strip())
-        return proc.stdout, proc.stderr
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
-        logger.error("nft failed: %s -- %s", " ".join(e.cmd), e.stderr.strip())
-        raise RuntimeError(f"nft failed: {' '.join(e.cmd)} -- {e.stderr.strip()}")
 
+
+def nft_cmd(cmd: str) -> Tuple[int, str, str]:
+    """Run a libnftables command and return (rc, stdout, stderr)."""
+    _ensure_binding()
+    nft = Nftables()
+    try:
+        rc, out, err = nft.cmd(cmd)
+        # ensure strings
+        if isinstance(out, bytes):
+            out = out.decode(errors="ignore")
+        if isinstance(err, bytes):
+            err = err.decode(errors="ignore")
+        return rc, out or "", err or ""
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.exception("nft binding call failed for command: %s", cmd)
+        raise RuntimeError(f"nft binding failed: {e}")
+
+
+def nft_run_or_raise(cmd: str) -> str:
+    rc, out, err = nft_cmd(cmd)
+    logger.debug("nft cmd: %s -> rc=%s out_len=%d err_len=%d", cmd, rc, len(out), len(err))
+    if rc != 0:
+        raise RuntimeError(err or f"nft command {cmd} failed with rc={rc}")
+    return out
+
+
+# ---------------------- reconstruction logic ----------------------
 def ensure_table_chain(family: str, table: str, chain: str) -> None:
     """
-    Ensure the nft table and chain exist. On serious failures this raises RuntimeError.
+    Ensure table and chain exist. Use libnftables commands; fallback to nft -f temp file
-    This function:
+    if direct add fails. Raises RuntimeError on failure.
-      - attempts `nft add table` and `nft add chain`
-      - if those fail, tries to apply a tiny nft script with `nft -f` to create table and chain
     """
     logger.info("ensuring table %s.%s exists", family, table)
-
-    # Try simple add table first
     try:
-        run_nft(["add", "table", family, table])
+        nft_run_or_raise(f"add table {family} {table}")
-        logger.debug("created table %s.%s via add table", family, table)
     except RuntimeError as e_table:
-        logger.info("nft add table failed for %s.%s; trying nft -f fallback: %s", family, table, e_table)
+        logger.info("add table failed: %s; trying -f fallback", e_table)
-        # fallback create via nft -f script
         script = f"table {family} {table} {{ }}\n"
         tmp = None
         try:
@@ -109,12 +119,7 @@ def ensure_table_chain(family: str, table: str, chain: str) -> None:
                 tf.write(script)
                 tf.flush()
                 os.fsync(tf.fileno())
-            try:
+            nft_run_or_raise(f"-f {tmp}")
-                run_nft(["-f", tmp])
-                logger.debug("created table %s.%s via nft -f", family, table)
-            except RuntimeError as e2:
-                logger.error("nft -f fallback to create table failed: %s (original: %s)", e2, e_table)
-                raise RuntimeError(f"failed to create nft table {family}.{table}: {e2}") from e2
         finally:
             if tmp and os.path.exists(tmp):
                 try:
@@ -122,13 +127,13 @@ def ensure_table_chain(family: str, table: str, chain: str) -> None:
                 except Exception:
                     pass
 
-    # Now ensure chain exists
+    logger.info("ensuring chain %s in table %s", chain, table)
-    logger.info("ensuring chain %s in table %s exists", chain, table)
     try:
-        run_nft(["add", "chain", family, table, chain, "{", "type", "filter", "hook", "forward", "priority", "0", ";", "}"])
+        nft_run_or_raise(
-        logger.debug("created chain %s in %s.%s via add chain", chain, family, table)
+            f'add chain {family} {table} {chain} {{ type filter hook forward priority 0; policy accept; }}'
+        )
     except RuntimeError as e_chain:
-        logger.info("nft add chain failed for %s in %s.%s; trying nft -f fallback: %s", chain, family, table, e_chain)
+        logger.info("add chain failed: %s; trying -f fallback", e_chain)
         script = (
             f"table {family} {table} {{\n"
             f"  chain {chain} {{ type filter hook forward priority 0; policy accept; }}\n"
@@ -141,12 +146,7 @@ def ensure_table_chain(family: str, table: str, chain: str) -> None:
                 tf.write(script)
                 tf.flush()
                 os.fsync(tf.fileno())
-            try:
+            nft_run_or_raise(f"-f {tmp}")
-                run_nft(["-f", tmp])
-                logger.debug("created chain %s in %s.%s via nft -f", chain, family, table)
-            except RuntimeError as e2:
-                logger.error("nft -f fallback to create chain failed: %s (original: %s)", e2, e_chain)
-                raise RuntimeError(f"failed to create nft chain {chain} in {family}.{table}: {e2}") from e2
         finally:
             if tmp and os.path.exists(tmp):
                 try:
@@ -154,210 +154,217 @@ def ensure_table_chain(family: str, table: str, chain: str) -> None:
                 except Exception:
                     pass
 
-    logger.info("table/chain ensured: %s.%s/%s", family, table, chain)
+
+def _extract_comment_from_exprs(exprs: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Optional[str]:
+    for e in exprs:
+        if "comment" in e:
+            cm = e["comment"]
+            if isinstance(cm, dict):
+                return cm.get("string") or cm.get("s") or cm.get("value")
+            elif isinstance(cm, str):
+                return cm
+    return None
 
 
-def encode_rule_comment(rule: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+def _reconstruct_rule_from_exprs(exprs: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-    # store rule JSON as base64 to avoid quoting/escaping issues inside nft comment
+    """
-    j = json.dumps(rule, separators=(",", ":"))
+    Best-effort mapping from nft expression json to our RuleModel-like dict.
-    b = base64.b64encode(j.encode()).decode()
+    This is heuristic: nft JSON shapes differ across kernel/libnftables versions.
-    rid = rule.get("id") or ""
+    We cover common patterns: meta (iif/oif/length), payload/cmp for ip proto and ports, verdict for action.
-    return f"mitm_id:{rid} mitm_json:{b}"
+    """
+    match: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    action: Dict[str, Any] = {}
 
-
+    # iterate expressions; keep simple heuristics
-def decode_comment_payload(comment: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    for e in exprs:
-    # expects comment like: mitm_id:<id> mitm_json:<base64>
+        if "meta" in e:
+            m = e["meta"]
+            # keys differ; check for common names
+            key = m.get("key") or m.get("type")
+            if key in ("iifname", "iif"):
+                v = m.get("v") or m.get("s") or m.get("value")
+                if v:
+                    match["iif"] = v
+            elif key in ("oifname", "oif"):
+                v = m.get("v") or m.get("s") or m.get("value")
+                if v:
+                    match["oif"] = v
+            elif key == "length":
+                v = m.get("v") or m.get("s") or m.get("value")
+                if v is not None:
+                    match["meta_length"] = v
+        elif "payload" in e:
+            # payload indicates reading bytes of header; usually followed by a 'cmp' comparing to immediate
+            # store payload description to use when we see a cmp
+            # flatten payload into a marker for later cmp detection
+            e_payload = e["payload"]
+            e["_seen_payload"] = e_payload
+        elif "cmp" in e:
+            cmp = e["cmp"]
+            # cmp can have 'left'/'right' or 'data' fields
+            left = cmp.get("left")
+            right = cmp.get("right")
+            # helper to pull immediate numeric value
+            def _extract_immediate(node):
+                if not node:
+                    return None
+                if isinstance(node, dict):
+                    for k in ("immediate", "value", "data", "s", "v"):
+                        if k in node:
+                            val = node[k]
+                            # hex string -> int
+                            if isinstance(val, str) and val.startswith("0x"):
                                 try:
-        parts = comment.split()
+                                    return int(val, 16)
-        kv = {p.split(":", 1)[0]: p.split(":", 1)[1] for p in parts if ":" in p}
-        b64 = kv.get("mitm_json")
-        if not b64:
-            return None
-        j = base64.b64decode(b64.encode()).decode()
-        return json.loads(j)
                                 except Exception:
-        logger.debug("failed to decode comment payload: %s", comment)
+                                    return val
+                            return val
                 return None
 
+            imm_left = _extract_immediate(left)
+            imm_right = _extract_immediate(right)
 
-def build_nft_match_fragment(match: MatchModel) -> List[str]:
+            # If either immediate looks like small numeric, assume ip_proto
-    frag: List[str] = []
+            for imm in (imm_left, imm_right):
-    if match.iif:
+                if isinstance(imm, int) and 0 < imm < 256:
-        frag += ["iif", f'"{match.iif}"']
+                    # set ip_proto numeric
-    if match.oif:
+                    match["ip_proto"] = imm
-        frag += ["oif", f'"{match.oif}"']
+                    break
-    if match.meta_length is not None:
-        frag += ["meta", "length", str(match.meta_length)]
-    if match.ip_proto:
-        frag += ["ip", "protocol", match.ip_proto]
-    if match.tcp_dport:
-        frag += ["tcp", "dport", str(match.tcp_dport)]
-    if match.udp_dport:
-        frag += ["udp", "dport", str(match.udp_dport)]
-    return frag
 
+            # If immediate value looks like a TCP/UDP port (typical 1..65535) and payload context indicates tcp/udp dport,
+            # it's hard to be 100% sure; we use heuristic: if cmp mentions 'dport' or payload had offset consistent with port,
+            # or imm is in port range but no ip_proto set, we attempt to set tcp_dport/udp_dport.
+            imm = imm_left if imm_left is not None else imm_right
+            if isinstance(imm, int) and 0 < imm <= 65535:
+                # if we previously saw payload indicating tcp or udp, detect from payload description
+                # naive heuristic: if any seen payload mentions 'tcp' or 'udp' in its dict then assign accordingly
+                # otherwise assign tcp_dport by default (best-effort)
+                assigned = False
+                for ev in (left, right):
+                    if isinstance(ev, dict):
+                        # look for hints
+                        if "payload" in ev:
+                            pd = ev["payload"]
+                            if isinstance(pd, dict) and ("tcp" in str(pd).lower()):
+                                match["tcp_dport"] = imm
+                                assigned = True
+                                break
+                if not assigned:
+                    # fallback to tcp_dport heuristic
+                    match.setdefault("tcp_dport", imm)
+        elif "verdict" in e:
+            v = e["verdict"]
+            # typical shapes: {"verdict":"accept"} or {"verdict":{"type":"drop"}}
+            if isinstance(v, dict):
+                t = v.get("type") or v.get("kind")
+                if t:
+                    action["type"] = t
+                # redirect/queue handling may vary; try to extract
+                if "to" in v:
+                    action["type"] = "redirect"
+                    action["redirect_port"] = v.get("to")
+                if "queue" in v:
+                    action["type"] = "queue"
+                    action["queue_num"] = v.get("queue")
+            elif isinstance(v, str):
+                action["type"] = v
+        elif "jump" in e:
+            # jump is effectively a control flow; not modeled
+            pass
+        elif "immediate" in e:
+            # sometimes immediate verdicts
+            pass
+        # there are many other expression types; above covers common ones
 
-def build_nft_action_fragment(action: ActionModel) -> List[str]:
+    # Default action if none found
-    if action.type == "drop":
+    if "type" not in action:
-        return ["drop"]
+        action["type"] = "accept"  # kernel often has policy accept if not specified
-    if action.type == "accept":
-        return ["accept"]
-    if action.type == "queue":
-        num = action.queue_num if action.queue_num is not None else 0
-        return ["queue", "num", str(num)]
-    if action.type == "redirect":
-        if action.redirect_port is None:
-            raise ValueError("redirect action requires redirect_port")
-        return ["redirect", "to", f":{action.redirect_port}"]
-    raise ValueError(f"unsupported action type: {action.type}")
 
-
+    return {"match": match, "action": action}
-def nft_rule_line_from_model(rule: RuleModel) -> str:
-    """
-    Produce a single-line nft command:
-      add rule <family> <table> <chain> <match...> <action...> comment "<encoded>"
-    """
-    match_frag = build_nft_match_fragment(rule.match)
-    action_frag = build_nft_action_fragment(rule.action)
-    comment = encode_rule_comment(rule.dict())
-
-    parts = ["add", "rule", rule.family, rule.table, rule.chain]
-    parts += match_frag
-    parts += action_frag
-    return " ".join(parts) + f' comment "{comment}"'
 
 
 def list_rules_from_nft(family: str, table: str) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """
+    Reconstruct a list of rules from the nft kernel listing (JSON).
+    Returns ordered list of dicts each matching RuleModel shape (without id).
+    """
     try:
-        out, _ = run_nft(["list", "table", family, table])
+        out = nft_run_or_raise(f"list table {family} {table}")
     except RuntimeError:
         logger.debug("no table %s.%s found when listing rules", family, table)
         return []
 
-    results: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+    # libnftables returns spammy text sometimes; prefer JSON output
-    for line in out.splitlines():
+    # attempt to parse as JSON if lib produced JSON; otherwise fallback to textual parsing
-        line = line.strip()
-        if "comment" in line and "mitm_json:" in line:
     try:
-                first_quote = line.index('"')
+        # if out is JSON text produced by libnftables, it is already JSON representation of ruleset
-                last_quote = line.rindex('"')
+        data = json.loads(out)
-                comment_str = line[first_quote + 1:last_quote]
+    except Exception:
-            except ValueError:
+        # fallback: run with JSON mode by using the binding directly to request JSON output
-                comment_str = line.split("comment", 1)[1].strip()
+        _ensure_binding()
-
+        nft = Nftables()
-            parsed = decode_comment_payload(comment_str)
+        nft.set_json_output(True)
-            if parsed is not None:
+        rc, out_json, err = nft.cmd(f"list table {family} {table}")
-                results.append(parsed)
+        if rc != 0:
-    logger.debug("listed %d nft rules from %s.%s", len(results), family, table)
+            logger.debug("nft JSON list failed: %s", err)
-    return results
-
-
-def add_rule_to_nft(rule: RuleModel) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-    ensure_table_chain(rule.family, rule.table, rule.chain)
-    if not rule.id:
-        rule.id = str(uuid.uuid4())
-
-    cmd_text = nft_rule_line_from_model(rule)
-    try:
-        # run as discrete args to avoid shell quoting issues
-        run_nft(cmd_text.split())
-        logger.info("added nft rule id=%s family=%s table=%s chain=%s", rule.id, rule.family, rule.table, rule.chain)
-        return {"id": rule.id, "status": "added"}
-    except RuntimeError as e:
-        logger.error("failed to add rule id=%s: %s", rule.id, e)
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
-
-
-def delete_rules_by_ids(ids: List[str], family: str, table: str, chain: str) -> List[str]:
-    try:
-        out, _ = run_nft(["list", "chain", family, table, chain, "-a"])
-    except RuntimeError:
-        logger.debug("no chain %s in table %s.%s when attempting delete", chain, family, table)
             return []
+        data = json.loads(out_json)
 
-    deleted: List[str] = []
+    results: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
-    for line in out.splitlines():
+    # nft JSON structure: {"nftables":[ { "table":...}, { "chain":...}, { "rule": {...} }, ... ]}
-        if "comment" in line and "mitm_id:" in line:
+    for item in data.get("nftables", []):
-            try:
+        if "rule" not in item:
-                q1 = line.index('"')
-                q2 = line.index('"', q1 + 1)
-                comment_str = line[q1 + 1:q2]
-            except ValueError:
-                comment_str = line.split("comment", 1)[1]
-
-            parsed = decode_comment_payload(comment_str)
-            if not parsed:
             continue
-            rid = parsed.get("id")
+        rule_obj = item["rule"]
-            if rid in ids:
+        exprs = rule_obj.get("expr", []) or rule_obj.get("expr", [])  # different bindings key names
-                m = re.search(r"handle\s+(\d+)", line)
+        recon = _reconstruct_rule_from_exprs(exprs)
-                if not m:
+        # create a RuleModel-like dict
-                    parts = line.split()
+        rule_dict = {
-                    if "handle" in parts:
+            "family": family,
-                        hi = parts.index("handle")
+            "table": table,
-                        if hi + 1 < len(parts):
+            "chain": rule_obj.get("chain") or rule_obj.get("chain_name") or DEFAULT_CHAIN,
-                            handle = parts[hi + 1]
+            "match": recon.get("match", {}),
-                        else:
+            "action": recon.get("action", {}),
-                            continue
+        }
-                    else:
+        results.append(rule_dict)
-                        continue
+    logger.debug("reconstructed %d rules from %s.%s", len(results), family, table)
-                else:
+    return results
-                    handle = m.group(1)
-
-                try:
-                    run_nft(["delete", "rule", family, table, chain, "handle", handle])
-                    logger.info("deleted nft rule id=%s handle=%s", rid, handle)
-                    deleted.append(rid)
-                except RuntimeError:
-                    logger.error("failed to delete nft rule id=%s handle=%s", rid, handle)
-                    continue
-    return deleted
 
 
 # ---------------------- API endpoints ----------------------
 @router.get("/rules")
 def get_rules(family: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_FAMILY, table: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_TABLE, chain: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_CHAIN):
-    """
-    Ensure the table/chain exist (try to create them if missing), then return
-    the rules from nftables. If ensure_table_chain fails we return 500 with a clear message.
-    """
     logger.debug("GET /nft/rules called (family=%s table=%s chain=%s)", family, table, chain)
+    # ensure chain exists (create if missing) to provide consistent output
     try:
-        # Ensure required table/chain exist before listing rules
         ensure_table_chain(family, table, chain)
     except RuntimeError as e:
-        logger.error("failed to create/ensure nft table/chain %s.%s/%s: %s", family, table, chain, e)
+        logger.error("failed to ensure table/chain: %s", e)
-        # return an HTTP 500 so the frontend knows setup failed
         raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"failed to ensure nft table/chain: {e}")
 
-    # now safe to list rules
     rules = list_rules_from_nft(family, table)
     return {"count": len(rules), "rules": rules, "version": _current_version}
 
 
-@router.post("/rules")
-def post_rules(payload: Union[RuleModel, List[RuleModel]]):
-    rules = payload if isinstance(payload, list) else [payload]
-    results = []
-    for r in rules:
-        res = add_rule_to_nft(r)
-        results.append(res)
-    return {"results": results}
-
-
-@router.delete("/rules")
-def delete_rules(payload: Union[str, List[str]], family: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_FAMILY,
-                 table: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_TABLE, chain: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_CHAIN):
-    ids = [payload] if isinstance(payload, str) else payload
-    deleted = delete_rules_by_ids(ids, family, table, chain)
-    results = [{"id": i, "deleted": i in deleted} for i in ids]
-    return {"results": results}
-
-
 @router.put("/rules", response_model=ReplaceResult)
-def put_rules(rules: List[RuleModel], family: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_FAMILY,
+def put_rules(
-              table: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_TABLE, chain: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_CHAIN):
+    rules: List[RuleModel],
-    # validate per-rule family/table/chain if present
+    request: Request,
+    if_match: Optional[str] = Header(None, alias="If-Match"),
+    family: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_FAMILY,
+    table: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_TABLE,
+    chain: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_CHAIN,
+):
+    """
+    Replace entire ordered rule set. This implementation builds nft commands (without comments)
+    from the provided rules and applies via 'nft -f' using libnftables fallback.
+    """
+    # optimistic concurrency
+    global _current_version
+    if if_match is not None and _current_version is not None and if_match != _current_version:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=409, detail="version mismatch; fetch latest rules and retry")
+
+    # validate and ensure table/chain exist
     for r in rules:
         if r.family and r.family != family:
             raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"rule family mismatch: {r.family} != {family}")
@@ -366,32 +373,55 @@ def put_rules(rules: List[RuleModel], family: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_FAMILY,
         if r.chain and r.chain != chain:
             raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"rule chain mismatch: {r.chain} != {chain}")
 
-    # ensure table/chain exist (this will attempt to modprobe + sysctl if needed)
     try:
         ensure_table_chain(family, table, chain)
     except RuntimeError as e:
         logger.error("failed to ensure table/chain: %s", e)
         raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
 
-    # ensure rule IDs
+    # Build nft script lines (no comments)
+    script_lines: List[str] = []
+    script_lines.append(f"flush chain {family} {table} {chain}")
     for r in rules:
+        # ensure id exists only for client convenience; not stored
         if not r.id:
             r.id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        # build add rule command using the same helpers
+        match_frag = []
+        if r.match.iif:
+            match_frag += ["iif", f'"{r.match.iif}"']
+        if r.match.oif:
+            match_frag += ["oif", f'"{r.match.oif}"']
+        if r.match.meta_length is not None:
+            match_frag += ["meta", "length", str(r.match.meta_length)]
+        if r.match.ip_proto:
+            match_frag += ["ip", "protocol", str(r.match.ip_proto)]
+        if r.match.tcp_dport:
+            match_frag += ["tcp", "dport", str(r.match.tcp_dport)]
+        if r.match.udp_dport:
+            match_frag += ["udp", "dport", str(r.match.udp_dport)]
 
-    # build nft script lines
+        action_frag = []
-    lines: List[str] = []
+        if r.action.type == "drop":
-    # flush chain (clear existing ordered rules)
+            action_frag = ["drop"]
-    lines.append(f"flush chain {family} {table} {chain}")
+        elif r.action.type == "accept" or not r.action.type:
+            action_frag = ["accept"]
+        elif r.action.type == "queue":
+            num = r.action.queue_num if r.action.queue_num is not None else 0
+            action_frag = ["queue", "num", str(num)]
+        elif r.action.type == "redirect":
+            if r.action.redirect_port is None:
+                raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="redirect action requires redirect_port")
+            action_frag = ["redirect", "to", f":{r.action.redirect_port}"]
+        else:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"unsupported action type: {r.action.type}")
 
-    # add ordered rules
+        parts = ["add", "rule", r.family, r.table, r.chain]
-    for r in rules:
+        parts += match_frag
-        try:
+        parts += action_frag
-            lines.append(nft_rule_line_from_model(r))
+        script_lines.append(" ".join(parts))
-        except Exception as e:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"invalid rule: {e}")
-
-    script = "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
 
+    script = "\n".join(script_lines) + "\n"
     tmpfile_path: Optional[str] = None
     try:
         with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w", delete=False, prefix="mitm_nft_", suffix=".nft") as tf:
@@ -401,15 +431,13 @@ def put_rules(rules: List[RuleModel], family: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_FAMILY,
             os.fsync(tf.fileno())
         logger.info("wrote nft script to %s; applying...", tmpfile_path)
 
-        # apply the file
         try:
-            run_nft(["-f", tmpfile_path])
+            # use libnftables binding to apply file if possible, otherwise lib will call nft -f underneath
+            nft_run_or_raise(f"-f {tmpfile_path}")
         except RuntimeError as e:
             logger.error("failed applying nft script: %s", e)
             raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"failed applying nft script: {e}")
 
-        # success: bump version token
-        global _current_version
         _current_version = str(uuid.uuid4())
         logger.info("applied nft ruleset successfully; version=%s", _current_version)
         return ReplaceResult(version=_current_version, applied=True, rules_count=len(rules))